Abstract: Electric field driven devices and methods of operation are provided. Each device use one or more doped conducting polymers to provide multifunctional responses to applied electric field. The device includes an electrically conductive layer operative to provide a gate contact for the device; a conducting polymer layer operative to provide source and drain contacts for the device, and an active layer; and an insulating polymer layer formed between the electrically conductive layer and the conducting polymer layer, wherein the layers in combination allow the device to be operative to perform at least two of a plurality of response functions.