Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of heat-treating a semiconductor, and the object is to enable heat-treating to a semiconductor or semiconductor device in a short period time and to obtain a stable and high reforming effect. The present invention is a method in which carbon or a layer including carbon is provided as a light absorbing layer, and a semiconductor material as a heat-treating target layer or semiconductor device contacting the heat absorbing layer directly or through a heat transfer layer of 5 nm-100 ?m in thickness is heat-treated, and the light source to be used is a semiconductor laser light of wavelength of 600 nm-2 ?m, and this semiconductor laser light is caused to continuously irradiate and sweep the surface of the heat-treating target material. The light source can be easily made to output high power, and heat-treating at a high speed and with low energy consumption is realized.

Abstract: First image data including a first pixel value according to the intensity of background light is obtained by means of only exposure. Second image data including a second pixel value according to the intensity of the light reflected or scattered by an object is obtained by so controlling light emission and exposure as to receive part of the reflected or scattered light over the whole exposure period. The part of the reflected or scattered light corresponds to the flat period of emitted pulsed light. Third image data including a third pixel value according to the distance to the object is obtained by so controlling light emission and exposure as to receive the part of the reflected or scattered light for a time according to the distance. The first pixel value is subtracted from each of the second and third pixel values so that the influence of the background light can be excluded.

Abstract: This invention provides a cooler having an excellent cooling performance, which is capable of being downsized and low-profiled, an electronic apparatus and a method for fabricating the cooler. The cooler (1) comprises lower board member (10) and upper complex board members. The lower board member (10) is made from plastic material and has a cavity portion (11) for allowing water or vapor to be circulated therein. The upper complex board members comprise board member (20) for a condenser part, upper board member (30), and board member (40) for a wick part. The board members (20) and (40) for the condenser part and the wick part, respectively, are made from metallic material having higher thermal conductivity such as copper and nickel. Each of the members has a groove for allowing them to be served as the condenser and the wick.

Abstract: A compact, thin type and high cooling performance cooling device, an electronic apparatus and a method of manufacturing the same are provided. The cooling device (1) has a pair of a first substrate (2) and a second substrate (3) which are made of such a material having a low thermal diffusibility as glass, formed rectangular and bonded together via a silicon member (4). On bonding surfaces of these substrates (2) and (3), grooves (5) and (6) are formed. These grooves (5) and (6) are formed so as to function as a heat pipe of a loop type when these substrates (2) and (3) are bonded.

Abstract: This invention provides a cooler having an excellent cooling performance, which is capable of being downsized and low-profiled, an electronic apparatus and a method for fabricating the cooler. The cooler (1) comprises lower board member (10) and upper complex board members. The lower board member (10) is made from plastic material and has a cavity portion (11) for allowing water or vapor to be circulated therein. The upper complex board members comprise board member (20) for a condenser part, upper board member (30), and board member (40) for a wick part. The board members (20) and (40) for the condenser part and the wick part, respectively, are made from metallic material having higher thermal conductivity such as copper and nickel. Each of the members has a groove for allowing them to be served as the condenser and the wick.

Abstract: An active-matrix-type display apparatus ensuring sufficient luminous intensity of display devices within a display plane and allowing improved display properties is provided. Such display apparatus having of a plurality of pixels comprises a lower electrode formed on a substrate; organic layers formed on the lower electrode; and an upper common electrode formed on the organic layers; in which a plurality of the pixels are partitioned by a rib larger in the thickness than the organic layers and having at least a conductive material layer; and the conductive material layer is electrically connected to the upper common electrode.

Abstract: This invention provides a cooler having an excellent cooling performance, which is capable of being downsized and low-profiled, an electronic apparatus and a method for fabricating the cooler. The cooler (1) comprises lower board member (10) and upper complex board members. The lower board member (10) is made from plastic material and has a cavity portion (11) for allowing water or vapor to be circulated therein. The upper complex board members comprise board member (20) for a condenser part, upper board member (30), and board member (40) for a wick part. The board members (20) and (40) for the condenser part and the wick part, respectively, are made from metallic material having higher thermal conductivity such as copper and nickel. Each of the members has a groove for allowing them to be served as the condenser and the wick.

Abstract: First image data including a first pixel value according to the intensity of background light is obtained by means of only exposure. Second image data including a second pixel value according to the intensity of the light reflected or scattered by an object is obtained by so controlling light emission and exposure as to receive part of the reflected or scattered light over the whole exposure period. The part of the reflected or scattered light corresponds to the flat period of emitted pulsed light. Third image data including a third pixel value according to the distance to the object is obtained by so controlling light emission and exposure as to receive the part of the reflected or scattered light for a time according to the distance. The first pixel value is subtracted from each of the second and third pixel values so that the influence of the background light can be excluded.

Abstract: A compact, thin type and high cooling performance cooling device, an electronic apparatus and a method of manufacturing the same are provided. The cooling device (1) has a pair of a first substrate (2) and a second substrate (3) which are made of such a material having a low thermal diffusibility as glass, formed rectangular and bonded together via a silicon member (4). On bonding surfaces of these substrates (2) and (3), grooves (5) and (6) are formed. These grooves (5) and (6) are formed so as to function as a heat pipe of a loop type when these substrates (2) and (3) are bonded.

Abstract: An active-matrix-type display apparatus ensuring sufficient luminous intensity of display devices within a display plane and allowing improved display properties is provided. Such display apparatus having of a plurality of pixels comprises a lower electrode formed on a substrate; organic layers formed on the lower electrode; and an upper common electrode formed on the organic layers; in which a plurality of the pixels are partitioned by a rib larger in the thickness than the organic layers and having at least a conductive material layer; and the conductive material layer is electrically connected to the upper common electrode.

Abstract: This invention provides a cooler having an excellent cooling performance, which is capable of being downsized and low-profiled, an electronic apparatus and a method for fabricating the cooler. The cooler (1) comprises lower board member (10) and upper complex board members. The lower board member (10) is made from plastic material and has a cavity portion (11) for allowing water or vapor to be circulated therein. The upper complex board members comprise board member (20) for a condenser part, upper board member (30), and board member (40) for a wick part. The board members (20) and (40) for the condenser part and the wick part, respectively, are made from metallic material having higher thermal conductivity such as copper and nickel. Each of the members has a groove for allowing them to be served as the condenser and the wick.

Abstract: A distance measuring apparatus controls a forward laser beam to scan a detection area. A photodetector array includes a plurality of photo detecting elements. At least one is selected among the photo detecting elements as an effective element, and the effective element is changed from one to another in response to the direction of the forward laser beam. Identification is given of at least one among the photo detecting elements which receives an echo laser beam corresponding to the forward laser beam in a specified direction. An actual correspondence relation between directions of the forward laser beam and the photo detecting elements receiving corresponding echo laser beams is grasped on the basis of a relation between the identified photo detecting element and the specified direction. The selection and change of the effective element are executed according to the grasped actual correspondence relation.

Abstract: An active-matrix-type display apparatus ensuring sufficient luminous intensity of display devices within a display plane and allowing improved display properties is provided. Such display apparatus having of a plurality of pixels comprises a lower electrode formed on a substrate; organic layers formed on the lower electrode; and an upper common electrode formed on the organic layers; in which a plurality of the pixels are partitioned by a rib larger in the thickness than the organic layers and having at least a conductive material layer; and the conductive material layer is electrically connected to the upper common electrode.

Abstract: To provide a small and lightweight optical switching element with a simple structure capable of fast response, and an optical switching apparatus employing the optical switching element. Optical extraction unit contacts an upper substrate with electrostatic attraction generated between a transparent electrode of the optical extraction unit and a transparent electrode of the upper substrate. In the case that light enters one V-shaped trench of the upper substrate vertically, the light enters the optical extraction unit of the upper substrate and is emitted from a back of the optical extraction unit (a tapered unit). Subsequently, the incident light P1 passes through a lower substrate and is converted into transmission light. With electrostatic attraction generated between a transparent electrode of the lower substrate and a transparent electrode of the optical extraction unit, the optical extraction unit is attracted to a lower substrate side.

Abstract: In conventional organic EL displays, a metal cathode is formed on an organic layer through vapor deposition. In these, therefore, the cathode is of a film having tensile stress and easily peels off from the organic layer to degrade the reliability of the organic EL displays. A novel organic EL device is provided, in which a film having no internal stress or having compression stress is formed for a second electrode or for a second electrode and a protective layer, on an organic layer at least including a light-emitting layer of an organic light-emitting material. Also provided is an organic EL display including a plurality of those organic EL devices.

Abstract: A distance measuring apparatus controls a forward laser beam to scan a detection area. A photodetector array includes a plurality of photo detecting elements. At least one is selected among the photo detecting elements as an effective element, and the effective element is changed from one to another in response to the direction of the forward laser beam. Identification is given of at least one among the photo detecting elements which receives an echo laser beam corresponding to the forward laser beam in a specified direction. An actual correspondence relation between directions of the forward laser beam and the photo detecting elements receiving corresponding echo laser beams is grasped on the basis of a relation between the identified photo detecting element and the specified direction. The selection and change of the effective element are executed according to the grasped actual correspondence relation.

Abstract: A target semiconductor device can be obtained stably by reforming an insulating film and a semiconductor. In a process of manufacturing a semiconductor device, at least one of the semiconductor and the insulating film is reformed after an annealing process for annealing the semiconductor at a temperature ranging from 20 to 400° C. in the atmosphere containing a gas of water (H2O) with a partial pressure from 1 Torr to a saturated vapor pressure for an annealing time ranging from 15 seconds to 20 hours.

Abstract: A photo detecting device includes an output line leading to a processing circuit, and an array of pixels including respective photo detecting zones for changing incident light into corresponding electric signals through photoelectric conversion. Each of the pixels includes a first switch for selectively connecting and disconnecting a related photo detecting zone to and from the output line, and a second switch for selectively connecting and disconnecting the related photo detecting zone to and from a ground line. The second switch disconnects the related photo detecting zone from the ground line when the first switch connects the related photo detecting zone to the output line. The second switch connects the related photo detecting zone to the ground line when the first switch disconnects the related photo detecting zone from the output line.

Abstract: To provide an optical element in which resistance of electrodes on a scanning side is reduced, a rate of effectively utilizing light generated at organic layers is promoted and shortcircuit between anodes and cathodes is prevented, there is provided an optical element including first electrodes formed on a substrate, organic layers at least including organic light emitting materials formed on the first electrodes and second electrodes formed on the organic layers, in which the first electrodes and the second electrodes are formed to be substantially orthogonal to each other and the organic layers are formed in an island-like shape at positions at which the first electrodes and the second electrodes intersect with each other.

Abstract: An organic EL display that realizes low electric power consumption and display with high brightness by decreasing the resistance of the electrode on the scanning side is provided.