Abstract: Methods and systems are described of managing a battery system. The battery system including at least one battery cell and one or more sensors configured to measure a temperature of the at least one battery cell. The method includes receiving a measurement of the temperature of the at least one battery cell, estimating an open circuit potential of the at least one battery cell, estimating a capacity fade of the at least one battery cell based on the open circuit potential of the at least one battery cell and a ratio of a change in the open circuit potential relative to a change in the temperature of the at least one battery cell, and regulating at least one of charging or discharging of the at least one battery cell based on the estimation of the capacity fade.

Abstract: In one embodiment an engine system includes a cylinder, an inlet valve configured to control the flow of gases into the cylinder, an outlet valve configured to control the flow of gases out of the cylinder, a throttle configured to control the flow of fuel into the cylinder, a memory including program instructions stored therein, and a processor operably connected to the inlet valve, the outlet valve, the throttle, and the memory, and configured to execute the program instructions to control the inlet valve and the outlet valve in accordance with an HCCI valve lift profile and an SI valve open/close profile, and activate a first spark in the cylinder while controlling the inlet valve and the outlet valve in accordance with the HCCI valve lift profile and the SI valve open/close profile.

Abstract: A vehicular battery system includes an oxygen reservoir having a first outlet and a first inlet, a multistage compressor supported by the vehicle and having a second inlet and a second outlet, the second outlet operably connected to the first inlet, a cooling system operably connected to the multistage compressor and configured to provide a coolant to the multistage compressor to cool a compressed fluid within the multistage compressor, and a vehicular battery system stack including at least one negative electrode including a form of lithium, the vehicular battery system stack having a third inlet removably operably connected to the first outlet, and a third outlet operably connected to the second inlet.

Abstract: A vehicular battery system includes a vehicular battery system stack including at least one negative electrode including a form of lithium, an oxygen reservoir having a first outlet operably connected to the vehicular battery system stack, a multistage compressor having a first inlet operably connected to the vehicular battery system stack, and a second outlet operably connected to a second inlet of the oxygen reservoir, and a cooling system operably connected to the multistage compressor and configured to provide a coolant to the multistage compressor to cool a compressed fluid within the multistage compressor.

Abstract: A combustion engine system in one embodiment includes a combustion engine, at least one controllable component operably connected to the combustion engine, at least one sensor configured to sense a parameter associated with the combustion engine, and an electronic control unit (ECU) operably connected to the at least one controllable component and the at least one sensor, wherein the ECU is configured to determine a temperature of an unburned mixture based upon the sensed parameter, and control the at least one controllable component based upon the determined temperature.

Abstract: An engine system uses data associated with at least one operating condition of an engine to set the engine system to an AI mode when the engine is in an SI mode 1) within first operating condition limits, and 2) when a rate of change of a first operating condition is within rate of change limits, maintain the engine system in the SI mode when the engine is outside of first operating condition limits or when the rate of change of the first operating condition is not within rate of change limits, set the engine system to the SI mode when the engine is in the AI mode outside second operating condition limits, and maintain the engine system in the AI mode when the engine is within second operating condition limits, wherein the second operating condition limits are different from the first operating condition limits.

Abstract: Methods and systems are described for controlling engine combustion during a mixed-mode combustion modality. A target exhaust valve timing is determined based on a first combination of engine speed and load. An amount of trapped residual in an engine cylinder after an exhaust valve is closed during a first combustion cycle is also determined. Based at least in part on the amount of trapped residual, an amount of gas that will be drawn into the engine cylinder when the intake valve is opened during a second combustion cycle is determined. The target exhaust valve timing is then adjusted during the second combustion cycle in order to adjust the amount of gas that will be drawn into the engine cylinder when the intake valve is opened during a third combustion cycle.

Abstract: A secondary battery system includes a battery system stack having at least one negative electrode, wherein the negative electrode includes an oxidizable metal. The secondary battery system further includes a cold trap or an expander, an optional compressor, an optional oxygen reservoir, and battery control system. The cold trap or expander having an inlet operably connected to the battery system stack, a first outlet operably connected to the battery system stack and a second outlet. The second outlet of the cold trap or the expander may optionally operably connected to the oxygen reservoir via the compressor. The oxygen reservoir having an outlet operably connected to the battery system stack.

Abstract: A control system for an internal combustion engine includes a temperature sensor and an engine controller. The sensor measures the temperature of exhaust gas passing through an exhaust manifold of the engine during each cycle. The controller selectively operates the engine in a first state and a second state. In the first, normal state, a quantity of fuel based on an open loop fuel mass command value is injected into the engine each cycle. In the second state, the controller determines a temperature of the exhaust gas during a normal cycle, injects the quantity and additional fuel into the engine during a second cycle, determines the temperature of the exhaust gas during the second cycle, compares the temperatures, and adjusts the command value for fuel to be injected each cycle when operating the engine in the first state.

Abstract: In one embodiment a method of controlling an engine system includes providing a first cylinder with a first inlet valve, a first outlet valve, and a first throttle, controlling the first inlet and the first outlet valve in accordance with an SI valve lift profile, activating a first spark in the first cylinder while controlling the first inlet and the first outlet valve in accordance with the SI valve lift profile, controlling the first inlet and the first outlet valve in accordance with an HCCI valve lift profile, activating a second spark in the first cylinder while controlling the first inlet and the first outlet valve in accordance with the HCCI valve lift profile, and controlling the SOI timing of the first throttle in an HCCI SOI mode while controlling the first inlet valve and the first outlet valve in the HCCI valve lift profile after activating the second spark.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for transitioning between a first combustion mode and a second combustion mode in an internal combustion engine. A current operating point of the engine is identified and a target operating point for the internal combustion engine in the second combustion mode is also determined. A predefined optimized transition operating point is selected from memory. While operating in the first combustion mode, one or more engine actuator settings are adjusted to cause the operating point of the internal combustion engine to approach the selected optimized transition operating point. When the engine is operating at the selected optimized transition operating point, the combustion mode is switched from the first combustion mode to the second combustion mode. While operating in the second combustion mode, one or more engine actuator settings are adjusted to cause the operating point of the internal combustion to approach the target operating point.

Abstract: A temperature sensing device includes a probe unit on a first end and a sensor unit on a second end opposite the first end. The first end is introduced into an environment to be measured, such as an exhaust gas line from a combustion engine, and the second end is positioned in a region outside of the environment such that the sensor unit is at least partially insulated from a temperature of the environment. The probe unit, exposed to the temperature of the environment, achieves a temperature that corresponds to the temperature of the environment. The sensor unit is operable to sense the temperature of the probe unit and generate a corresponding electrical signal usable to determine a sensed temperature of the environment. The temperature of the environment can be determined on a cycle-by-cycle basis, and is usable for implementing advanced combustion strategies such as HCCI and SACI.

Abstract: A combustion engine system in one embodiment includes a combustion engine, at least one controllable component operably connected to the combustion engine, at least one sensor configured to sense a parameter associated with the combustion engine, and an electronic control unit (ECU) operably connected to the at least one controllable component and the at least one sensor, wherein the ECU is configured to determine a temperature of an unburned mixture based upon the sensed parameter, and control the at least one controllable component based upon the determined temperature.

Abstract: Methods and systems are described for controlling engine combustion during a mixed-mode combustion modality. A target exhaust valve timing is determined based on a first combination of engine speed and load. An amount of trapped residual in an engine cylinder after an exhaust valve is closed during a first combustion cycle is also determined. Based at least in part on the amount of trapped residual, an amount of gas that will be drawn into the engine cylinder when the intake valve is opened during a second combustion cycle is determined. The target exhaust valve timing is then adjusted during the second combustion cycle in order to adjust the amount of gas that will be drawn into the engine cylinder when the intake valve is opened during a third combustion cycle.

Abstract: In one embodiment a method of controlling an engine system includes providing a first cylinder with a first inlet valve, a first outlet valve, and a first throttle, controlling the first inlet and the first outlet valve in accordance with an SI valve lift profile, activating a first spark in the first cylinder while controlling the first inlet and the first outlet valve in accordance with the SI valve lift profile, controlling the first inlet and the first outlet valve in accordance with an HCCI valve lift profile, activating a second spark in the first cylinder while controlling the first inlet and the first outlet valve in accordance with the HCCI valve lift profile, and controlling the SOI timing of the first throttle in an HCCI SOI mode while controlling the first inlet valve and the first outlet valve in the HCCI valve lift profile after activating the second spark.

Abstract: In one embodiment an engine system includes a cylinder, an inlet valve configured to control the flow of gases into the cylinder, an outlet valve configured to control the flow of gases out of the cylinder, a throttle configured to control the flow of fuel into the cylinder, a memory including program instructions stored therein, and a processor operably connected to the inlet valve, the outlet valve, the throttle, and the memory, and configured to execute the program instructions to control the inlet valve and the outlet valve in accordance with an HCCI valve lift profile and an SI valve open/close profile, and activate a first spark in the cylinder while controlling the inlet valve and the outlet valve in accordance with the HCCI valve lift profile and the SI valve open/close profile.

Abstract: A vehicular battery system includes an oxygen reservoir having a first outlet and a first inlet, a multistage compressor supported by the vehicle and having a second inlet and a second outlet, the second outlet operably connected to the first inlet, a cooling system operably connected to the multistage compressor and configured to provide a coolant to the multistage compressor to cool a compressed fluid within the multistage compressor, and a vehicular battery system stack including at least one negative electrode including a form of lithium, the vehicular battery system stack having a third inlet removably operably connected to the first outlet, and a third outlet operably connected to the second inlet.

Abstract: A vehicular battery system includes a vehicular battery system stack including at least one negative electrode including a form of lithium, an oxygen reservoir having a first outlet operably connected to the vehicular battery system stack, a multistage compressor having a first inlet operably connected to the vehicular battery system stack, and a second outlet operably connected to a second inlet of the oxygen reservoir, and a cooling system operably connected to the multistage compressor and configured to provide a coolant to the multistage compressor to cool a compressed fluid within the multistage compressor.