Abstract: A wavelength tunable semiconductor vertical cavity surface emitting laser which includes at least one active element including an active layer generating an optical gain by injection of a current, and at least one phase control element, and mirrors. The phase control element contains a modulator exhibiting a strong narrow optical absorption peak on a short wavelength side from the wavelength of the laser generation. The wavelength control is realized by using a position-dependent electro-optical effect. If a reverse bias is applied, the absorption maximum is shifted to longer wavelengths due to the Stark effect. If a forward bias is applied, a current is injected and results in the bleaching and reduction of the peak absorption. In both cases a strong modulation of the refractive index in the phase control element occurs. The effect tunes the wavelength of the cavity mode, and the sign and the value of the wavelength shift are defined by the position of the modulator.

Abstract: The method produces coherent dislocation-free regions from initially dislocated and/or defect-rich lattice mismatched layer grown on top of the substrate having a different lattice constant, which does not contain any processing steps before of after the lattice-mismatched layer growth. The process preferably uses in situ formation of a cap layer on top of a dislocated layer. The cap layer preferably has a lattice parameter close to that in the underlying substrate, and different from that in the lattice mismatched layer in no strain state. Under these conditions, the cap layer undergoes elastic repulsion from the regions in the vicinity of the dislocations, where the lattice parameter is the most different from that in the substrate. The cap layer is absent in these regions.