Abstract: A thin film of metal oxide includes zinc (Zn); tin (Sn); silicon (Si); and oxygen (O). In terms of oxide, based on 100 mol % of total of oxides of the thin film, SnO2 is greater than 15 mol % but less than or equal to 95 mol %.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor abuts against a charging member and/or a developer carrying member with an abutting member therebetween, has a first portion and a second portion abutting against the abutting member along the longitudinal direction of the photoreceptor, and includes a support, a charge generating layer containing a charge generation material, and a surface layer in this order. The first portion includes an undercoat layer containing a polymer of a composition containing an electron transport material and a crosslinking agent and being contiguous with the surface of the charge generating layer facing the support. The second portion includes (i) an intermediate layer being disposed between and being contiguous with the support and the charge generating layer and/or (ii) an intermediate layer being disposed between and being contiguous with the charge generating layer and the surface layer, wherein the intermediate layers each have a Martens hardness of 500 N/mm2 or less.

Abstract: A conductive layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a binder material, a first metal oxide particle, and a second metal oxide particle. The first metal oxide particle is a zinc oxide particle or tin oxide particle coated with tin oxide doped with phosphorus, tungsten, niobium, tantalum, or fluorine. The second metal oxide particle is an uncoated zinc oxide particle or tin oxide particle. The content of the first metal oxide particle is not less than 20% by volume and not more than 50% by volume based on the total volume of the conductive layer. The content of the second metal oxide particle is not less than 0.1% by volume and not more than 15% by volume based on the total volume of the conductive layer, and not less than 0.5% by volume and not more than 30% by volume based on the content of the first metal oxide particle.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member that abuts with a charging member and/or a developer carrying member with an abutting member interposed therebetween, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member has a first portion and a second portion abutting with the abutting member along the longitudinal direction thereof, the electrophotographic photosensitive member has a support, a charge generation layer containing a charge generating material and a polyacetal resin, and a surface layer in this order, the electrophotographic photosensitive member has, in the first portion, an undercoat layer containing a polymerized product of a composition including an electron transporting material and a cross-linking agent, the layer being adjacent to a surface of the charge generation layer, facing the support, and the electrophotographic photosensitive member has, in the second portion, an intermediate layer containing a metal oxide particle and a phenol resin, the layer being between and adjacent to the sup

Abstract: Provided is coating film-removing method for removing unnecessary coating film on outer peripheral surface of lower side of cylindrical substrate by dip coating, the method comprising: supplying solvent to inside of substrate; causing, through use of outer peripheral surface coating film-removing member configured to remove coating film at portion to be subjected to coating film removal in outer peripheral surface of the substrate, the outer peripheral surface coating film-removing member to abut against region ranging from upper end to lower end of coating film at the portion; and removing, under a state wherein the outer peripheral surface coating film-removing member abuts against the region, the coating film at the portion through rubbing by relatively rotating the substrate and the outer peripheral surface coating film-removing member while supplying the solvent, which is supplied to inside and then flows to lower end of the substrate, to abutting portion.

Abstract: An image forming method in which a surface layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a compound having a specific structure in an amount of 0.1% to 10% by mass based on the total mass of the surface layer, and in a charged region of the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member charged in a charging step, a non-image forming region in which an electrostatic latent image is not formed is not irradiated with destaticizing light or is irradiated with reduced destaticizing light.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member has an undercoat layer containing a polymerized product of a composition including electron transporting substance having a polymerizable functional group and a crosslinking agent, and resin particles. The content of the electron transporting substance is 30% by mass or more and 70% by mass or less based on the total mass of the composition. Protrusions derived from the resin particles in the undercoat layer are formed at an interface between the undercoat layer and the charge generating layer.

Abstract: In an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a first intermediate layer contains a polymerized product of a composition including an electron transporting substance having a polymerizable functional group, and a crosslinking agent, and a second intermediate layer contains a binder resin and a metal oxide particle.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member including an undercoat layer containing metal oxide particles, a binder resin, and an organic acid metal salt having at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of bismuth, zinc, cobalt, iron, nickel, and copper.

Abstract: A conductive layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a first metal oxide particle, a second metal oxide particle, and a binder material. The first metal oxide particle is a zinc oxide particle or tin oxide particle coated with tin oxide doped with phosphorus, tungsten, fluorine, niobium, or tantalum, and the second metal oxide particle is a tin oxide particle doped with an element selected from the group consisting of phosphorus, tungsten, fluorine, niobium, and tantalum, the element being the same as the element with which the tin oxide of the first metal oxide particle is doped. The conductive layer satisfies formulae (1) and (2) 2?{(V2/VT)/(V1/VT)}×100?25??formulae (1): 15?{(V1/VT)+(V2/VT)}×100?45??formulae (2).

Abstract: The present invention provides an organic LED element having the significantly larger light emission area than conventional ones. The invention relates to an organic LED element, comprising: a transparent substrate; a light scattering layer; a transparent first electrode; an organic light-emitting layer; and a second electrode formed in this order, wherein the light scattering layer has a base material comprising a glass, and a plurality of scattering materials dispersed in the base material; the light scattering layer has side surfaces, and each of the side surfaces has a surface tilted at an angle larger than right angle from an upper surface on the first electrode side toward a bottom surface on the transparent substrate side; and the first electrode is placed so as to continuously cover the side surfaces.

Abstract: Provided is coating film-removing method for removing unnecessary coating film on outer peripheral surface of lower side of cylindrical substrate by dip coating, the method comprising: supplying solvent to inside of substrate; causing, through use of outer peripheral surface coating film-removing member configured to remove coating film at portion to be subjected to coating film removal in outer peripheral surface of the substrate, the outer peripheral surface coating film-removing member to abut against region ranging from upper end to lower end of coating film at the portion; and removing, under a state wherein the outer peripheral surface coating film-removing member abuts against the region, the coating film at the portion through rubbing by relatively rotating the substrate and the outer peripheral surface coating film-removing member while supplying the solvent, which is supplied to inside and then flows to lower end of the substrate, to abutting portion.

Abstract: A support, a conductive layer, and an intermediate layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member have a particular surface profile. The intermediate layer is a cured film containing particles.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises a support, an undercoat layer, a charge generation layer and a hole transporting layer disposed in this order. The undercoat layer contains silica particles and a polymer of a composition including an electron transporting material having a polar group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxy group, a thiol group, an amino group, a carboxy group and a methoxy group, and a cross-linking agent. The content of the electron transporting material in the composition is 30 to 70 mass % relative to the total mass of the composition and the content of the silica particles in the undercoat layer is 1 to 30 mass % relative to the total mass of the electron transporting material.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, an undercoat layer formed on the support, and a photosensitive layer formed on the undercoat layer. The undercoat layer is an electron transporting layer and contains a metal salt of organic acid having at least one metal element selected from Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn.

Abstract: The present invention provides an organic LED element having the significantly larger light emission area than conventional ones. The invention relates to an organic LED element, comprising: a transparent substrate; a light scattering layer; a transparent first electrode; an organic light-emitting layer; and a second electrode formed in this order, wherein the light scattering layer has a base material comprising a glass, and a plurality of scattering materials dispersed in the base material; the light scattering layer has side surfaces, and each of the side surfaces has a surface tilted at an angle larger than right angle from an upper surface on the first electrode side toward a bottom surface on the transparent substrate side; and the first electrode is placed so as to continuously cover the side surfaces.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member that abuts with a charging member and/or a developer carrying member with an abutting member interposed therebetween, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member has a first portion and a second portion abutting with the abutting member along the longitudinal direction thereof, the electrophotographic photosensitive member has a support, a charge generation layer containing a charge generating material and a polyacetal resin, and a surface layer in this order, the electrophotographic photosensitive member has, in the first portion, an undercoat layer containing a polymerized product of a composition including an electron transporting material and a cross-linking agent, the layer being adjacent to a surface of the charge generation layer, facing the support, and the electrophotographic photosensitive member has, in the second portion, an intermediate layer containing a metal oxide particle and a phenol resin, the layer being between and adjacent to the sup

Abstract: Provided are an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which a residual potential hardly increases at the time of image formation, a pattern memory hardly occurs, and the crack of a conductive layer hardly occurs, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each including the electrophotographic photosensitive member. To this end, the conductive layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a titanium oxide particle coated with tin oxide doped with phosphorus, a tin oxide particle doped with phosphorus, and a binding material, and when a total volume of the conductive layer is represented by VT, a total volume of the titanium oxide particle coated with tin oxide doped with phosphorus in the conductive layer is represented by V1P, and a total volume of the tin oxide particle doped with phosphorus in the conductive layer is represented by V2P, the VT, the V1P, and the V2P satisfy the following expressions: 2?{(V2P/VT)/(V1P/VT)}×100?25 and 15?{(V1P/VT)+(V2P/VT)}×100?45.

Abstract: A method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which leakage hardly occurs is provided. For this, in the method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to the present invention, a coating liquid for a conductive layer is prepared using a solvent, a binder material, and a metallic oxide particle having a water content of not less than 1.0% by mass and not more than 2.0% by mass; using the coating liquid for a conductive layer, a conductive layer having a volume resistivity of not less than 1.0×108 ?·cm and not more than 5.0×1012 ?·cm is formed; the mass ratio (P/B) of the metallic oxide particle (P) to the binder material (B) in the coating liquid for a conductive layer is not less than 1.5/1.0 and not more than 3.5/1.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member in which a leak hardly occurs, and a process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus having the same are provided. The conductive layer in the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a binder material, a first metal oxide particle, and a second metal oxide particle. The first metal oxide particle is a titanium oxide particle coated with tin oxide doped with phosphorus, tungsten, niobium, tantalum, or fluorine, and the second metal oxide particle is an uncoated titanium oxide particle. The contents of the first and second metal oxide particles in the conductive layer is 20 to 50 vol. % and 1.0 to 15 vol. %, respectively based on the total volume of the conductive layer. The content of the second metal oxide particle in the conductive layer is 5.0 to 30% by volume based on the content of the first metal oxide particle in the conductive layer.