Abstract: Provided is a belt for electrophotography which is capable of suppressing the occurrence of adhesion to other members and blocking and which is less liable to cause image defects due to a singular protrusion. The belt for electrophotography comprises a surface layer which comprises heteroaggregate including an inorganic oxide particle having an average primary particle diameter of from 10 to 30 nm and an electroconductive metal oxide particle having an average primary particle diameter of from 5 to 40 nm, and a ten-point average roughness Rzjis of a surface of the surface layer satisfies a relationship: 0.3 ?m?Rzjis?0.7 ?m.

Abstract: A process by which an electrophotographic belt having a protective layer more containing a filler on its surface side can be produced at a lower cost. The process is a process for producing an electrophotographic belt having a base layer and a surface layer, and has the steps of (1) forming on the base layer a wet coating of a surface layer forming coating liquid in which a filler has been dispersed and a binder resin stands dissolved; (2) making water adhere to the surface of the wet coating; and (3) drying the wet coating to form the surface layer. The filler is a filler the affinity of which for the water is higher than the affinity the filler has for a dispersion medium of the filler in the coating-liquid.

Abstract: A process by which an electrophotographic belt having a protective layer more containing a filler on its surface side can be produced at a lower cost. The process is a process for producing an electrophotographic belt having a base layer and a surface layer, and has the steps of (1) forming on the base layer a wet coating of a surface layer forming coating liquid in which a filler has been dispersed and a binder resin stands dissolved; (2) making water adhere to the surface of the wet coating; and (3) drying the wet coating to form the surface layer. The filler is a filler the affinity of which for the water is higher than the affinity the filler has for a dispersion medium of the filler in the coating-liquid.

Abstract: A process by which an electrophotographic belt having a protective layer more containing a filler on its surface side can be produced at a lower cost. The process is a process for producing an electrophotographic belt having a base layer and a surface layer, and has the steps of (1) forming on the base layer a wet coating of a surface layer forming coating liquid in which a filler has been dispersed and a binder resin stands dissolved; (2) making water adhere to the surface of the wet coating; and (3) drying the wet coating to form the surface layer. The filler is a filler the affinity of which for the water is higher than the affinity the filler has for a dispersion medium of the filler in the coating-liquid.

Abstract: A belt includes a surface layer and an underlayer. An interface between the surface layer and the underlayer is roughened to irregularly reflect incident light.

Abstract: A process by which an electrophotographic belt having a protective layer more containing a filler on its surface side can be produced at a lower cost. The process is a process for producing an electrophotographic belt having a base layer and a surface layer, and has the steps of (1) forming on the base layer a wet coating of a surface layer forming coating liquid in which a filler has been dispersed and a binder resin stands dissolved; (2) making water adhere to the surface of the wet coating; and (3) drying the wet coating to form the surface layer. The filler is a filler the affinity of which for the water is higher than the affinity the filler has for a dispersion medium of the filler in the coating-liquid.

Abstract: A transfer belt composed of a single layer or a plurality of layers is disclosed in which the single layer or the outermost layer of the layers constituting the transfer belt is a layer formed from a polymer composition. The polymer composition contains particles having an average particle diameter of 20 nm or less and a refractive index of 2.3 or more with respect to light of 800 nm in wavelength. The transfer belt has a surface roughness having a maximum height Rz of 0.3 ?m or less according to JIS B 0601, 2001.

Abstract: A transfer belt composed of a single layer or a plurality of layers is disclosed in which the single layer or the outermost layer of the layers constituting the transfer belt is a layer formed from a polymer composition. The polymer composition contains particles having an average particle diameter of 20 nm or less and a refractive index of 2.3 or more with respect to light of 800 nm in wavelength. The transfer belt has a surface roughness having a maximum height Rz of 0.3 ?m or less according to JIS B 0601, 2001.

Abstract: A belt includes a surface layer and an underlayer. An interface between the surface layer and the underlayer is roughened to irregularly reflect incident light.

Abstract: A semiconductive endless belt formed of a resin composition containing a resin capable of being formed into a film only by removing a solvent from a resin solution, and having a pencil hardness of 3H or more according to JIS K 5400 and a refractive index of 1.75 or more for light having a wavelength of 900 ?m. Also disclosed is an electrophotographic apparatus having this semiconductive endless belt.