Abstract: Systems, devices and methods for a backscatter measurement based multiple RACH preamble transmissions are disclosed. A WTRU may receive a JCS-RS configuration comprising a minimum RACH preamble retransmission interval. The JCS-RS configuration may comprise a JCS backscatter power fraction (?) of the WTRU transmit power (PTx). The WTRU may transmit a RACH preamble in a RACH occasion corresponding to a preferred SS/PBCH Index using an initial WTRU transmit beam, having an associated first RA-RNTI value. The backscatter power (PBS) may be measured using the WTRU receive beam corresponding to the WTRU transmit beam used for the RACH preamble transmission. On a condition that PBS>?PTx, the WTRU may retransmit the RACH preamble after a retransmission interval, on resources associated with a second RA-RNTI value. The WTRU may be configured for monitoring the PDCCH common search space with the first RA-RNTI and the second RA-RNTI, for respective RAR window intervals.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to a process for synthesizing neodymium-based metal-organic frameworks (Nd-PTA-MOF), comprising: dissolving 166.13 mg of neodymium nitrate hexa-hydrate in 2 ml of distilled water to form a first solution; dissolving 80 mg of pyridine-2,4,6-tri-carboxylic acid (PTA) in 5 ml of distilled water to form a second solution; mixing the first solution and the second solution in a round bottom flask with magnetic stirring while heating; adding two drops of liquid ammonia to the mixture; refluxing the mixture for 2 hours at a temperature in the range of 120-150° C.; allowing the mixture to crystallize over a period of seven days to form purple-colored Nd-PTA-MOF crystals; washing the formed Nd-PTA-MOF crystals with distilled water and acetone; and fabricating an electrode for developing a hybrid supercapacitor.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products directed, in part, to WTRU-specific codebooks generated based on channel state information (CSI) measurements and channel and/or transmission details, parameters and/or requirements. As an example, a WTRU may receive information indicating any of metrics and requirements for configuring a codebook; generate a codebook, comprising first parameters, based on the metrics and CSI related measurements associated with at least a first set of subbands, wherein the first parameters comprise a cluster of subbands having a CSI correlation satisfying a threshold and comprising at least one subband from any of the first set of subbands and a second set of subbands that is based on the first set of subbands; and transmit feedback information associated with CSI, the feedback information indicating at least some of the first parameters and second parameters associated with the at least some of the first parameters.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for receive (Rx) beam selection are described herein. In one example, a method includes receiving configuration information indicating resources for receiving a first set of reference signals from one or more transmit/receive points (TRPs) using a first set of receive (Rx) beams, one or more first resource sets for a second set of reference signals, and one or more second resource sets for transmitting a measurement report. The method includes transmitting a measurement report using one of the one or more second resource sets. The measurement report is based on measurements associated with one or more reference signals of the second set of reference signals. The method includes determining a second set of Rx beams. The method includes receiving the first set of reference signals from the one or more TRPs using the second set of Rx beams.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a plurality of embodiments addressing wireless communications, where one or more of the embodiments specifically address phase noise (PN) compensation techniques in which multiple groups of reference symbols are transmitted by computed splitting of the allocated Physical Resource Block(s) (PRBs) in suitable groups of sizes (e.g., equal or lower than the channel's coherence bandwidth), and ensuring the frequency domain circular symmetric transmission from the transmitting entity side adding the cyclic sub-carriers to each group. There may be one or more designs of techniques to choose suitable numbers and sizes of groups to enable suitable level of PN compensation at a receiving entity and provide various methods to ensure circular symmetry within each group. One or more approaches may be able to adapt to the instantaneous channel conditions and PN characteristics of the transceivers on a per-user basis.

Abstract: Methods, architectures, apparatuses and systems directed to active sensing in a wireless communications system (WCS) are provided.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for receive (Rx) beam selection are described herein. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may be configured to receive, from a base station (BS), configuration information for joint communication and sensing (JCS) reference signals. The configuration information may include resources for reference signal transmission and resources for measurement reporting. The WTRU may be further configured to receive, from the BS, an indication to activate a subset of the resources for JCS reference signal transmission. The WTRU may be further configured to transmit, a plurality of JCS reference signals using the activated subset of resources for reference signal transmission. The WTRU may be further configured to measure, via a plurality of Rx beams, a backscatter power associated with each of the transmitted plurality of JCS reference signals. The WTRU may be further configured to calculate beam blockage statistics based on the measured backscatter power.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses and systems are provided for constructing and modulating polar codes. Such procedures may involve identifying nonuniform channel conditions, selecting a modulation order, configuring a plurality of component codes and incremental ratios for Unequal Error Protection (UEP), identifying initial code construction parameters for each component code, calculating modified code construction parameters based on the incremental ratios for UEP, and encoding the component polar codes according to the modified construction parameters. Each component code may be comprised of a plurality of input bits. The initial and modified code construction parameters may include a number of unfrozen and frozen input bits, and identifying a number of unfrozen and frozen input bits may involve calculating and comparing reliability values for each bit. Calculating and comparing reliability values for each bit may involve applying a Polarization Weight (PW)-based method.

Abstract: An apparatus configured to receive input data, process, by a semantic encoder, the input data to generate a semantic representation of the input data, wherein the semantic representation comprises multiple semantic sub-flows, wherein each semantic sub-flow comprises a semantic weight corresponding to a relevance of the semantic data, process, by a communication encoder, each of the semantic sub-flows to generate semantic transmissions corresponding to the semantic sub-flows, wherein characteristics of the semantic transmissions are based on the semantic weight of the corresponding semantic sub-flow and prepare, for transmission to the receiver, the semantic transmissions.

Abstract: The present application relates to devices and components, including apparatus, systems, and methods for an application function (AF) direct access to a radio access network (RAN) management function.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for polar coding, including cyclic redundancy check (CRC) aided encoding and belief propagation (BP) decoding for polar codes in wireless communications, are provided. For example, a method comprises determining: 1) a first set of encoding nodes used for creating CRC bits, 2) a first set of polarization branches, each associated with a respective encoding node of the first set of encoding nodes, and 3) a second set of polarization branches, each of the second set of polarization branches is at least one level higher than a respective polarization branch of the first set of polarization branches. The method also comprises performing polar encoding operation(s) for the second set of polarization branches, generating a second set of encoding nodes based on the performed polar encoding operation(s) for the second set of polarization branches, and transmitting polar code bits using the generated second set of encoding nodes.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for receive (Rx) beam selection are described herein. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may be configured to receive, from a base station (BS), configuration information for joint communication and sensing (JCS) reference signals. The configuration information may include resources for reference signal transmission and resources for measurement reporting. The WTRU may be further configured to receive, from the BS, an indication to activate a subset of the resources for JCS reference signal transmission. The WTRU may be further configured to transmit, a plurality of JCS reference signals using the activated subset of resources for reference signal transmission. The WTRU may be further configured to measure, via a plurality of Rx beams, a backscatter power associated with each of the transmitted plurality of JCS reference signals. The WTRU may be further configured to calculate beam blockage statistics based on the measured backscatter power.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a wireless transmit-receive unit includes a receiver, a processor, and a transmitter. The receiver is configured to receive, from a base station, an encoded code block of a transport block. The processor is configured to predict whether the processor will decode the encoded code block successfully. And the transmitter is configured to transmit, to the base station, a result of the predicting.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for relaxed polar coding, including cyclic redundancy check (CRC) aided encoding and belief propagation (BP) decoding for relaxed polar codes in wireless communications, are provided. For example, a method comprises determining: 1) a first set of encoding nodes used for creating CRC bits, 2) a first set of polarization branches, each associated with a respective encoding node of the first set of encoding nodes, and 3) a second set of polarization branches, each of the second set of polarization branches is at least one level higher than a respective polarization branch of the first set of polarization branches. The method also comprises performing polar encoding operation(s) for the second set of polarization branches including relaxation, generating a second set of encoding nodes based on the performed polar encoding operation(s) for the second set of polarization branches, and transmitting polar code bits using the generated second set of encoding nodes.

Abstract: A method performed by a WTRU may comprise generating a polar factor graph and pruning the polar factor graph to generate a pruned factor graph. The pruned factor graph may include input variable nodes, check nodes and output variable nodes. The method may further comprise the initializing input variable nodes. For each of a plurality of encoding levels of the pruned factor graph, values from the input variable nodes may be transferred to the check nodes. Operations, for example, XOR) additions, may be performed on the values of the check nodes. Check nodes having a single connection to another node not used in a previous transfer may be identified. Values from the identified check nodes may be transferred to the input variable nodes. Binary values from the input variable nodes may be transferred to the output variable nodes for transmission to a receiver.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products includes measuring Channel State Information (CSI) associated with at least one reference signal and determining a trained Artificial Intelligence (AI) model to generate at least a portion of a report that includes the CSI associated with the at least one reference signal. The report comprising the CSI associated with the at least one reference signal is transmitted.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed herein for data-driven wireless transmit-receive unit (WTRU)-specific MIMO precoder Codebook, Quality-of-service (e.g., BER) may be improved, for example, using precoders for data transmissions where the precoder is selected from a codebook constructed from observed data. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may (e.g., with a base station) construct a codebook based on observed data (e.g., time-varying channel conditions) that include precoders to use for data transmission. The WTRU may determine the codebook, for example, using a precoder prediction model (e.g., using machine learning and/or artificial intelligence).

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are provided herein. A method may include receiving, from a first network node, configuration information to establish a link to a second network node. The first network node may use a first radio access technology (RAT) and the second network node may use a second RAT. The configuration information may include timing information associated with a first one of a plurality of beams of the second network node. The method may include measuring the first one of the plurality of beams of the second network node based on the timing information. The method may include selecting a beam of the plurality of beams of the second network node based on the measurement. The method may include sending a transmission to at least the first network node. The transmission may be an indication the WTRU is configured to establish the link to the second network node.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for millimeter wave (mmW) beam acquisition are disclosed. An apparatus may include a processor and a transceiver configured to receive a plurality of signals. The plurality of signals may be swept over time using a respective plurality of beams, and each signal of the plurality of signals may include a sequence based on an index of a respective one of the plurality of beams. The processor and the transceiver may take a measurement of a first signal of the plurality of signals. The transceiver may transmit a measurement report including the measurement of the first signal of the plurality of signals and the index of a respective one of the plurality of beams.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are described herein for configuring multiple station (multi-STA) sensing-specific feedback. For example, a sensing initiator station (STA) may transmit, to first and second sensing responder STAs, a null data packet (NDP) announcement (NDPA) frame indicating one or more sensing feedback types that the first and second sensing responder STAs are to respond. The sensing initiator STA may transmit, to the first and second sensing responder STAs, an NDP frame. The sensing initiator STA may transmit, to the first and second sensing responder STAs, a trigger frame indicating one or more resources allocated for sensing measurement reports from the first and second sensing responder STAs. The sensing initiator STA may receive, from the first and second sensing responder STAs, using the one or more resources, the sensing measurement reports determined based on the one or more sensing feedback types.