Abstract: An electromagnetic immune tissue invasive system includes a primary device housing. The primary device housing having a control circuit therein. A shielding is formed around the primary device housing to shield the primary device housing and any circuits therein from electromagnetic interference. A lead system transmits and receives signals between the primary device housing. The lead system is either a fiber optic system or an electrically shielded electrical lead system.

Abstract: An electromagnetic immune tissue invasive system includes a primary device housing. The primary device housing having a control circuit therein. A shielding is formed around the primary device housing to shield the primary device housing and any circuits therein from electromagnetic interference. A lead system transmits and receives signals between the primary device housing. The lead system is either a fiber optic system or an electrically shielded electrical lead system.

Abstract: An electromagnetic immune tissue invasive system includes a primary device housing. The primary device housing having a control circuit therein. A shielding is formed around the primary device housing to shield the primary device housing and any circuits therein from electromagnetic interference. A lead system transmits and receives signals between the primary device housing. The lead system is either a fiber optic system or an electrically shielded electrical lead system.

Abstract: An implantable device used to monitor and maintain at least one physiologic function, which is capable of operating in the presence of damaging electromagnetic interference. The implantable device includes primary and secondary modules, each independently protected from EMI damage via at least one shielding and/or filtering, and a non-electrical communication device for communicating in at least one direction between the primary and the secondary modules. The primary module, in response to input from electrical sensing leads, activates the secondary module in a failsafe mode. In the failsafe mode, the secondary module carries out a physiologic function upon activation and in the presence of electromagnetic interference.

Abstract: A temperature gradient calorimeter and method of calculating heats of reactions is disclosed. The calorimeter has a two dimensional array of reaction chambers located in a thermally conductive substrate. A first heat transfer medium is in thermal contact with the thermal conductive substrate and is located at one region of the array of reaction chambers. A second heat transfer medium is in thermal contact with the thermal conductive substrate and is located on the opposite side of the array from the first heat transfer medium. The first and second heat transfer mediums are at two different temperatures. That temperature difference produces a temperature gradient across the array of reaction chambers.The fluorescence intensities are measured for reactant samples located in the array of reaction chambers.