Abstract: Blockchain environments may mix-and-match different encryption, difficulty, and/or proof-of-work schemes when mining blockchain transactions. Each encryption, difficulty, and/or proof-of-work scheme may be separate, stand-alone programs, files, or third-party services. Blockchain miners may be agnostic to a particular coin's or network's encryption, difficulty, and/or proof-of-work schemes, thus allowing any blockchain miner to process or mine data in multiple blockchains. GPUs, ASICs, and other specialized processing hardware components may be deterred by forcing cache misses, cache latencies, and processor stalls. Hashing, difficulty, and/or proof-of-work schemes require less programming code, consume less storage space/usage in bytes, and execute faster. Blockchain mining schemes may further randomize byte or memory block access, further improve cryptographic security.

Abstract: Digital or “smart” contracts execute in a blockchain environment. Any entity (whether public or private) may specify a digital contract via a contract identifier in a blockchain. Because there may be many digital contracts offered as services, the contract identifier uniquely identifies a particular digital contract offered by a vendor or supplier. The blockchain is thus not burdened with the programming code that is required to execute the digital contract. The blockchain need only include or specify the contract identifier (and perhaps one or more contractual parameters), thus greatly simplifying the blockchain and reducing its size (in bytes) and processing requirements.

Abstract: A protocol cost effectively separates any blockchain (such as the Bitcoin blockchain) from any cryptocurrency (such as the Bitcoin cryptocurrency). The protocol provides client-defined Chains of Entries, client-side validation of Entries, a distributed consensus algorithm for recording the Entries, and a blockchain anchoring approach for security.

Abstract: A two-coin mechanism for maintaining a stable value of cryptographic coinage traded in a decentralized market exchange without requiring a reserve. A pegged cryptographic token and a variable-priced cryptographic token are both traded in the reserveless decentralized market exchange. The pegged cryptographic token and the variable-priced cryptographic token are value related based on a cryptographic exchange rate. Whenever a market transaction is processed (such as a buy or sell order), at least one of a destruction operation and a creation operation are performed. The destruction operation destroys at least one of the pegged cryptographic token and/or the variable-priced cryptographic token, while the creation operation creates new ones of the pegged cryptographic token and/or the variable-priced cryptographic token.

Abstract: A complex cryptographic coinage transaction is transactionally sharded into multiple simple cryptographic coinage transactions. The complex cryptographic coinage transaction specifies cryptographic debits and/or deposits to/from multiple input accounts and/or multiple output accounts. The simple cryptographic coinage transactions, however, only specify a single one of the input accounts and/or a single one of the output accounts. A single server within a blockchain environment may thus process one of the simple cryptographic coinage transactions without requiring calls for data from other servers responsible for other accounts.

Abstract: Digital or “smart” contracts execute in a blockchain environment. Any entity (whether public or private) may specify a digital contract via a contract identifier in a blockchain. Because there may be many digital contracts offered as virtual services, the contract identifier uniquely identifies a particular digital contract offered by a virtual machine, vendor or supplier. The blockchain is thus not burdened with the programming code that is required to execute the digital contract. The blockchain need only include or specify the contract identifier (and perhaps one or more contractual parameters), thus greatly simplifying the blockchain and reducing its size (in bytes) and processing requirements.

Abstract: A multi-coin mechanism for maintaining a stable value of cryptographic coinage traded in a decentralized market exchange without requiring a reserve. Multiple, pegged cryptographic tokens are traded in the reserveless decentralized market exchange. Each of the multiple, pegged cryptographic tokens may be pegged to a different asset (such as different currencies and/or commodities). The multiple, pegged cryptographic tokens are value related based on cryptographic exchange rates. Whenever a market transaction is processed (such as a buy or sell order), at least one of a destruction operation and a creation operation are performed. The destruction operation destroys at least one of the pegged cryptographic tokens, while the creation operation creates new ones of the pegged cryptographic tokens n.

Abstract: Hardware and software resources are load balanced when processing multiple blockchains. As more and more entities (whether public or private) are expected to generate their own blockchains for verification, a server or other resource in a blockchain environment may be over utilized. For example, as banks, websites, and retailers issue their own private cryptocoinage, the number of financial transactions may clog or hog networking and/or hardware resources. A blockchain load balancing mechanism thus allocates resources among the multiple blockchains.

Abstract: A multi-coin mechanism for maintaining a stable value of cryptographic coinage traded in a decentralized market exchange without requiring a reserve. Multiple, pegged cryptographic tokens are traded in the reserveless decentralized market exchange. Each of the multiple, pegged cryptographic tokens may be pegged to a different asset (such as different currencies and/or commodities). The multiple, pegged cryptographic tokens are value related based on cryptographic exchange rates. Whenever a market transaction is processed (such as a buy or sell order), at least one of a destruction operation and a creation operation are performed. The destruction operation destroys at least one of the pegged cryptographic tokens, while the creation operation creates new ones of the pegged cryptographic tokens n.

Abstract: Digital or “smart” contracts execute in a blockchain environment. Any entity (whether public or private) may specify a digital contract via a contract identifier in a blockchain. Because there may be many digital contracts offered as virtual services, the contract identifier uniquely identifies a particular digital contract offered by a virtual machine, vendor or supplier. The blockchain is thus not burdened with the programming code that is required to execute the digital contract. The blockchain need only include or specify the contract identifier (and perhaps one or more contractual parameters), thus greatly simplifying the blockchain and reducing its size (in bytes) and processing requirements.

Abstract: A multi-coin mechanism for maintaining a stable value of cryptographic coinage traded in a decentralized market exchange without requiring a reserve. Multiple, pegged cryptographic tokens are traded in the reserveless decentralized market exchange. Each of the multiple, pegged cryptographic tokens may be pegged to a different asset (such as different currencies and/or commodities). The multiple, pegged cryptographic tokens are value related based on cryptographic exchange rates. Whenever a market transaction is processed (such as a buy or sell order), at least one of a destruction operation and a creation operation are performed. The destruction operation destroys at least one of the pegged cryptographic tokens, while the creation operation creates new ones of the pegged cryptographic tokens n.

Abstract: A personal blockchain is generated as a cloud-based software service in a blockchain environment. The personal blockchain immutably archives usage of any device, perhaps as requested by a user. However, some of the usage may be authorized for public disclosure, while other usage may be designated as private and restricted from public disclosure. The public disclosure may permit public ledgering by still other blockchains, thus providing two-way public/private ledgering for improved record keeping. Private usage, though, may only be documented by the personal blockchain.

Abstract: A personal blockchain is generated as a cloud-based software service in a blockchain environment. The personal blockchain immutably archives usage of any device, perhaps as requested by a user. However, some of the usage may be authorized for public disclosure, while other usage may be designated as private and restricted from public disclosure. The public disclosure may permit public ledgering by still other blockchains, thus providing two-way public/private ledgering for improved record keeping. Private usage, though, may only be documented by the personal blockchain.

Abstract: A blockchain is generated as a cloud-based software service in a blockchain environment. The blockchain immutably archives particular usage of any device, perhaps as requested by a user. The user may thus peruse past or historical usage (such as message logs) and individually select historical messages that are desired for a blockchain recordation in the blockchain. Moreover, the usage may be publicly ledgered by still other blockchains, thus providing two-way ledgering for improved record keeping.

Abstract: Digital or “smart” contracts execute in a blockchain environment. Any entity (whether public or private) may specify a digital contract via a table identifier in a blockchain. Because there may be many digital contracts offered as virtual services, the table identifier uniquely identifies a particular decision table and/or the digital contract offered by a virtual machine, vendor or supplier. The blockchain is thus not burdened with the programming code that is required to execute the decision table and/or the digital contract. The blockchain need only include or specify the table identifier (and perhaps one or more contractual parameters), thus greatly simplifying the blockchain and reducing its size (in bytes) and processing requirements.

Abstract: A blockchain environment may accumulate Merkle values calculated by individual nodal machines. Any nodal machine (such as a miner system) need only be sent Merkle child values as inputs. The nodal machine may then determine a hierarchical Merkle value based only on the Merkle child values provided as the inputs. Because the nodal machine only requires the Merkle child values, the nodal machine is relieved from downloading/storing an entire blockchain. The nodal machine need only download the piece, segment, or portion of interest, which consumes far less memory byte space and requires far less processor time/tasks/cycles/operations. Moreover, because each nodal machine only needs to download a small block/byte portion of the blockchain, network packet traffic is greatly reduced.

Abstract: A Factom protocol cost effectively separates any blockchain (such as the Bitcoin blockchain) from any cryptocurrency (such as the Bitcoin cryptocurrency). The Factom protocol provides client-defined Chains of Entries, client-side validation of Entries, a distributed consensus algorithm for recording the Entries, and a blockchain anchoring approach for security.

Abstract: A personal blockchain is generated as a cloud-based software service in a blockchain environment. The personal blockchain immutably archives usage of any device, perhaps as requested by a user. However, some of the usage may be authorized for public disclosure, while other usage may be designated as private and restricted from public disclosure. The public disclosure may permit public ledgering by still other blockchains, thus providing two-way public/private ledgering for improved record keeping. Private usage, though, may only be documented by the personal blockchain.

Abstract: A multi-coin mechanism for maintaining a stable value of cryptographic coinage traded in a decentralized market exchange without requiring a reserve. Multiple, pegged cryptographic tokens are traded in the reserveless decentralized market exchange. Each of the multiple, pegged cryptographic tokens may be pegged to a different asset (such as different currencies and/or commodities). The multiple, pegged cryptographic tokens are value related based on cryptographic exchange rates. Whenever a market transaction is processed (such as a buy or sell order), at least one of a destruction operation and a creation operation are performed. The destruction operation destroys at least one of the pegged cryptographic tokens, while the creation operation creates new ones of the pegged cryptographic tokens n.

Abstract: Data verification in federate learning is faster and simpler. As artificial intelligence grows in usage, data verification is needed to prove custody and/or control. Electronic data representing an original version of training data may be hashed to generate one or more digital signatures. The digital signatures may then be incorporated into one or more blockchains for historical documentation. Any auditor may then quickly verify and/or reproduce the training data using the digital signatures. For example, a current version of the training data may be hashed and compared to the digital signatures generated from the current version of the training data. If the digital signatures match, then the training data has not changed since its creation. However, if the digital signatures do not match, then the training data has changed since its creation. The auditor may thus flag the training data for additional investigation and scrutiny.