Abstract: A Factom protocol cost effectively separates any blockchain (such as the Bitcoin blockchain) from any cryptocurrency (such as the Bitcoin cryptocurrency). The Factom protocol provides client-defined Chains of Entries, client-side validation of Entries, a distributed consensus algorithm for recording the Entries, and a blockchain anchoring approach for security.

Abstract: Authentication of electronic document is based on multiple digital signatures incorporated into a blockchain. Structured data, metadata, and instructions may be hashed to generate the multiple digital signatures for distribution via the blockchain. Any peer receiving the blockchain may then verify an authenticity of an electronic document based on any one or more of the multiple digital signatures incorporated into the blockchain.

Abstract: Confidential, secret data may be shared via one or more blockchains. Mortgage applications, medical records, financial records, and other electronic documents often contain social security numbers, names, addresses, account information, and other personal data. A secret sharing algorithm is applied to any secret data to generate shares. The shares may then be integrated or written to one or more blockchains for distribution.

Abstract: Cryptocoinage is established in a blockchain environment. Any entity (whether public or private) may issue its own cryptocoinage for public recordation to a blockchain data layer. The blockchain data layer generates data records representing transaction records of the cryptocoinage. The blockchain data layer may also hash the transaction records to generate a cryptographic proof for public disclosure via a public blockchain. Moreover, the cryptographic proof may be anchored to another public blockchain representing a different cryptocoinage (such as BITCOIN®). The blockchain data layer may be searched for the data records representing the transaction records of the cryptocoinage.

Abstract: A personal blockchain is generated as a cloud-based software service in a blockchain environment. The personal blockchain immutably archives particular usage of any device, perhaps as requested by a user. The user may thus peruse past or historical usage (such as message logs) and individually select historical messages that are desired for a blockchain recordation in the personal blockchain. Moreover, the usage may be publicly ledgered by still other blockchains, thus providing two-way ledgering for improved record keeping.

Abstract: Hardware and software resources are load balanced when processing multiple blockchains. As more and more entities (whether public or private) are expected to generate their own blockchains for verification, a server or other resource in a blockchain environment may be over utilized. For example, as banks, websites, and retailers issue their own private cryptocoinage, the number of financial transactions may clog or hog networking and/or hardware resources. A blockchain load balancing mechanism thus allocates resources among the multiple blockchains.

Abstract: Importation and exportation allows software services in blockchain environments. Blockchains may import data and export data, thus allowing blockchains to offer software services to clients (such as other blockchains). Individual users, businesses, and governments may create their own blockchains and subcontract or outsource operations to other blockchains. Moreover, the software services provided by blockchains may be publically ledgered by still other blockchains, thus providing two-way blockchain interactions and two-way ledgering for improved record keeping.

Abstract: A personal blockchain is generated as a cloud-based software service in a blockchain environment. The personal blockchain immutably archives usage of any device, perhaps as requested by a user. However, some of the usage may be authorized for public disclosure, while other usage may be designated as private and restricted from public disclosure. The public disclosure may permit public ledgering by still other blockchains, thus providing two-way public/private ledgering for improved record keeping. Private usage, though, may only be documented by the personal blockchain.

Abstract: An apparatus for collecting cross-aligned fiber threads, comprising an elongated assembly having a plurality of segments including at least a first segment, a second segment, and an intermediate segment, the first segment positioned at one end of the intermediate segment and the second segment positioned at an opposite end of the intermediate segment, each segment being electrically chargeable; an electrically chargeable emitter for electrospinning nanoscale fiber streams comprising charged fiber branches, the emitter having a tip positioned offset and between an edge of the first segment and an edge of the second segment; a support structure for rotating the elongated assembly about a longitudinal axis and applying an electrical charge to at least the edges of the first and second segment; at least one electrically chargeable steering electrode for attracting fiber streams, the at least one steering electrode chargeable with an electrical polarity opposing a charge applied to the emitter.

Abstract: A method for separating out a continuous single thread of fiber from many fiber branches and controlling alignment and deposition of said fiber on a substrate, comprising: electrospinning synthetic polymer fiber streams from an electrically charged syringe needle; controlling the fiber using at least one electrically charged metallic disk rotating about an axis positioned below the needle; capturing the fiber using electrically grounded collector; extracting a single fiber branch thread from the polymer fiber streams, wherein the single fiber branch thread is attracted to and intercepted by the collector shape, and depositing the single fiber branch thread as substantially aligned fiber on the collector.

Abstract: Authentication of electronic document is based on multiple digital signatures incorporated into a blockchain. Structured data, metadata, and instructions may be hashed to generate the multiple digital signatures for distribution via the blockchain. Any peer receiving the blockchain may then verify an authenticity of an electronic document based on any one or more of the multiple digital signatures incorporated into the blockchain.

Abstract: Confidential, secret data may be shared via one or more blockchains. Mortgage applications, medical records, financial records, and other electronic documents often contain social security numbers, names, addresses, account information, and other personal data. A secret sharing algorithm is applied to any secret data to generate shares. The shares may then be integrated or written to one or more blockchains for distribution.

Abstract: Data verification in federate learning is faster and simpler. As artificial intelligence grows in usage, data verification is needed to prove custody and/or control. Electronic data representing an original version of training data may be hashed to generate one or more digital signatures. The digital signatures may then be incorporated into one or more blockchains for historical documentation. Any auditor may then quickly verify and/or reproduce the training data using the digital signatures. For example, a current version of the training data may be hashed and compared to the digital signatures generated from the current version of the training data. If the digital signatures match, then the training data has not changed since its creation. However, if the digital signatures do not match, then the training data has changed since its creation. The auditor may thus flag the training data for additional investigation and scrutiny.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process to functionalize nanofiber membrane (NFM) on a total joint replacement (TJR) implant surface to support bone ingrowth and reduce macrophage-associated inflammation, the process comprising amending the implant surface by laser cutting microgrooves greater than 100 ?m in depth to protect functional PCL NFM from applied loading, induce a higher amount of osteoblast cell function, increase implant-bone contact area, and serve as a reservoir for the local delivery of biomolecules to increase osseointegration of the implant; depositing aligned fibers on the implant surface, the fibers aligned in the direction of the microgrooves and collected in layers until a thickness less than 30 ?m is reached and preferably in the range of 1 ?m to 10 ?m. Biofunctionalized NFM are used to indirectly attach biomolecules on said implant surface, or extracellular matrix proteins with biomolecules are immobilized and deposited on the PCL NFM coated implant.

Abstract: Data verification in federate learning is faster and simpler. As artificial intelligence grows in usage, data verification is needed to prove custody and/or control. Electronic data representing an original version of training data may be hashed to generate one or more digital signatures. The digital signatures may then be incorporated into one or more blockchains for historical documentation. Any auditor may then quickly verify and/or reproduce the training data using the digital signatures. For example, a current version of the training data may be hashed and compared to the digital signatures generated from the current version of the training data. If the digital signatures match, then the training data has not changed since its creation. However, if the digital signatures do not match, then the training data has changed since its creation. The auditor may thus flag the training data for additional investigation and scrutiny.

Abstract: The present invention implements a set of grooves/ridges created on Ti at the circumferential direction to increase surface area of implant in contact with bone. These grooves/ridges protect nanofiber matrix (NFM) made with Polycaprolactone (PCL) electrospun nanofiber (ENF) and collagen at the groove from physiological loading. Controlled fabrication of a ridge made with titanium nitride (TiN) around the circumference of Ti is provided using a plasma nitride deposition technique. PCL ENF may be deposited along the sub-micrometer grooves using the electrospin setup disclosed. The method provides for fabrication of microgroove on Ti using machining or TiN deposition and filling the microgrooves with the NFM. This method has proven through experimentation to be successful in increasing in vivo mechanical stability and promoting osseointegration on Ti implants. The immobilization of MgO NP and FN with the PCL-CG NFM on microgrooved Ti as provided in the invention optimizes biological performances of Ti.

Abstract: Data verification in federate learning is faster and simpler. As artificial intelligence grows in usage, data verification is needed to prove custody and/or control. Electronic data representing an original version of training data may be hashed to generate one or more digital signatures. The digital signatures may then be incorporated into one or more blockchains for historical documentation. Any auditor may then quickly verify and/or reproduce the training data using the digital signatures. For example, a current version of the training data may be hashed and compared to the digital signatures generated from the current version of the training data. If the digital signatures match, then the training data has not changed since its creation. However, if the digital signatures do not match, then the training data has changed since its creation. The auditor may thus flag the training data for additional investigation and scrutiny.

Abstract: Due diligence of mortgage documents is faster and simpler. An electronic mortgage application often contains or references a collection of many separate electronic mortgage documents. Electronic data representing an original version of an electronic mortgage document and its current version may be hashed to generate digital signatures. Any auditor may then quickly conduct the due diligence by comparing the digital signatures. If the digital signatures match, then the due diligence reveals that the electronic mortgage document has not changed since its creation. However, if the digital signatures do not match, then the electronic mortgage document has changed since its creation. The auditor may thus flag the electronic mortgage document for additional due diligence. Regardless, a result of the due diligence may be incorporated into one or more blockchains.

Abstract: Indexing of mortgage documents is faster and simpler for auditing purposes. An electronic mortgage application often contains or references a collection of many separate electronic mortgage documents. Indexing data describing the individual electronic mortgage documents and/or the electronic mortgage application may be hashed and integrated into a blockchain. Any auditor receiving the blockchain may thus perform a reverse lookup to generate an index describing the sections and/or pages within the electronic mortgage application. Moreover, the auditor may also verify a current version of the index to an original version created at creation.

Abstract: Retrieval of mortgage documents is faster and simpler for auditing purposes. Network addresses and other sourcing data may be hashed and integrated into a blockchain. The sourcing data identifies a device, server, or other network location from which the mortgage documents may be retrieved. Any auditor receiving the blockchain may thus perform a reverse lookup to retrieve the mortgage documents. The auditor merely queries for a cryptographic source key to determine the network location storing the corresponding mortgage document.