Abstract: Methods that may be used for the manufacture of the chemical compound (S)-norcoclaurine, (S)-norlaudanosoline, and (S)-norcoclaurine or [S]-norlaudanosoline synthesis intermediates are provided. (S)-Norcoclaurine, (S)-norlaudanosoline, and (S)-norcoclaurine or (S)-norlaudanosoline synthesis intermediates are useful as precursor products in the manufacture of certain medicinal agents.

Abstract: Methods for making alkaloid compounds, including ephedrine and derivatives thereof. The methods involve the performance of an N-methyltransferase catalyzed chemical reaction.

Abstract: Methods that may be used for the manufacture of a class of chemical compounds known as morphinans, including neopine, are provided. Compositions useful for the synthesis of morphinans, including neopine, are also provided.

Abstract: Methods that may be used for the manufacture of the chemical compound (S)-norcoclaurine, (S)-norlaudanosoline, and (S)-norcoclaurine or [S]-norlaudanosoline synthesis intermediates are provided. (S)-Norcoclaurine, (S)-norlaudanosoline, and (S)-norcoclaurine or (S)-norlaudanosoline synthesis intermediates are useful as precursor products in the manufacture of certain medicinal agents.

Abstract: Novel methods that may be used for the manufacture of plant alkaloid compounds and novel polynucleotide compounds are provided. The plant alkaloid compounds are useful as medicinal compounds.

Abstract: Methods that may be used for the manufacture of the chemical compound (R)-Reticuline and synthesis precursors thereof. Compositions useful for the synthesis (R)-Reticuline and synthesis precursors are also provided.

Abstract: Methods for the manufacture of the therapeutic chemical compound noscapine and noscapine synthesis intermediates comprising contacting a noscapine pathway precursor selected from a first canadine derivative, a first papaveroxine derivative and narcotine hemiacetal with at least one of the enzymes selected from the group CYP82Y1, CYP82X1, AT1, CYP82X2, OMT, CXE1 and NOS.

Abstract: A discharge-lamp illumination circuit has a DC power supply circuit, a DC-AC conversion circuit, and a control circuit for controlling a voltage from the DC power supply circuit. The DC power supply circuit has a transformer and a first switching element connected in series with a primary coil of the transformer. The activation/deactivation of the first switching element is controlled by the control signal from the control circuit. The transformer is equipped with secondary coils equal in number with the discharge lamps. Each secondary coil is equipped with a second switching element whose activation or deactivation is controlled by a signal from the control circuit. The secondary coils provide different voltages by means of control of the second switching elements.