Abstract: A method for establishing the refraction of an eye (9) by means of a refractometer (3) is provided, in which the current visual axis (S) of the eye (9) is established before establishing the refraction, the refractometer (3) is aligned with respect to the visual axis (S) of the eye (9) and the refraction is established after the alignment. The visual axis (S) of the eye (9) is established on the basis of the position of a Purkinje image of at least one light source (41, 50) used to illuminate the eye and a relationship between the position of the Purkinje image and the visual axis (S).

Abstract: A method for establishing the refraction of an eye (9) by means of a refractometer (3) is provided, in which the current visual axis (S) of the eye (9) is established before establishing the refraction, the refractometer (3) is aligned with respect to the visual axis (S) of the eye (9) and the refraction is established after the alignment. The visual axis (S) of the eye (9) is established on the basis of the position of a Purkinje image of at least one light source (41, 50) used to illuminate the eye and a relationship between the position of the Purkinje image and the visual axis (S).

Abstract: A method for refining vegetable oil is used to reduce formation of soaps. An acid-treated vegetable oil mixture is passed through a low shear mixing device prior to being fed to a static hydrodynamic reactor. The static hydrodynamic reactor induces a neutralization reaction that forms soaps in a pressurized vegetable oil mixture. The reacted mixture is discharged from the reactor to a downstream system for separating the formed soaps from the reacted mixture to form a refined vegetable oil having reduced soaps content.

Abstract: A mass flow controller assembly includes a housing defining a cavity, a plurality of internal passages, a first inlet, a first outlet, a second inlet, and a second outlet. A valve is connected to the housing, has an inlet fluidly coupled to the second outlet of the housing and an outlet fluidly coupled to the second inlet of the housing. The valve is configured to control fluid flow from the second outlet of the housing to the second inlet of the housing. A microelectromechanical (MEMS) Coriolis flow sensor is arranged in the cavity, includes an inlet fluidly coupled by at least one of the plurality of internal passages to the first inlet of the housing and is configured to measure at least one of a mass flow rate and density of fluid flowing through the MEMS Coriolis flow sensor. An outlet of the MEMS Coriolis flow sensor is fluidly coupled by at least one of the plurality of internal passages to the second outlet of the housing.

Abstract: A gas pump and processes for preparing the gas pump are presented. The gas pump includes a bottom Holweck stage with internal heaters for cleaning deposits resulting from exhausting gases from a semiconductor manufacturing chamber. One example gas pump includes a turbomolecular stage on a top section of the gas pump and a Holweck stage below the turbomolecular stage. The Holweck stage comprises a rotor element, a stator element with an opening in the center, and one or more heaters. The opening has a substantially cylindrical shape and an inside surface with a plurality of grooves separated by threads. Each heater is situated on a surface of one of the plurality of grooves. The heaters may be turned on to clean the deposits accumulated on the gas pump during the processing of a substrate.

Abstract: A method for refining vegetable oil is used to reduce formation of soaps. An acid-treated vegetable oil mixture is passed through a low shear mixing device prior to being fed to a static hydrodynamic reactor. The static hydrodynamic reactor induces a neutralization reaction that forms soaps in a pressurized vegetable oil mixture. The reacted mixture is discharged from the reactor to a downstream system for separating the formed soaps from the reacted mixture to form a refined vegetable oil having reduced soaps content.

Abstract: A method for refining vegetable oil is used to reduce formation of soaps. An acid-treated vegetable oil mixture is passed through a low shear mixing device prior to being fed to an static hydrodynamic reactor. The static hydrodynamic reactor induces a neutralization reaction that forms soaps in a pressurized vegetable oil mixture. The reacted mixture is discharged from the reactor to a downstream system for separating the formed soaps from the reacted mixture to form a refined vegetable oil having reduced soaps content.

Abstract: A cooling apparatus is provided. At least one power electronic component is provided. A fluid tight enclosure surrounds the at least one power electronic component. An inert dielectric fluid at least partially fills the fluid tight container and is in contact with the at least one power electronic component.

Abstract: A light source for a surgical microscope includes a laser light source, first and second scattering elements defining first and second planes, respectively, and a collector optical device arranged between the first and second scattering elements with a focal length and a focus in the first plane. The laser light is focused on a first beam cross section with a first dimension in the first plane. The scattered beam emanating from the first scattering element is imaged at infinity with a first numerical aperture and produces a second beam cross section with a second dimension in the second plane. The second scattering element emits a beam of illumination light with a second numerical aperture at each point of the beam cross section in the second plane. The illumination light emanating from the second scattering element forms an illuminated field imageable into an object plane by an illumination optical device.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for delivering a process gas to a processing chamber are provided. A mass flow controller includes a first flow line for introducing a process fluid and an inlet valve disposed along the first flow line for controlling a flow rate of the process fluid. The mass flow controller includes a second flow line for introducing a carrier fluid into the mass flow controller and a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) Coriolis sensor for providing a density signal and a mass flow rate signal for a mixture of the process fluid and the carrier fluid. The mass flow controller provided includes an outlet valve for controlling a mass flow rate of the mixture that is output by the mass flow controller as well as a controller for operating the inlet valve based on the density signal and for operating the outlet valve based on the mass flow rate signal.

Abstract: An input coupling module selectively couples a beam path into a first or second stereoscopic component beam in a surgical microscope having an optical interface for guiding a beam path to be coupled-in. The input coupling module has a first beam splitter arranged in the first component beam and a second beam splitter arranged in the second component beam. The input coupling module contains an adjustable optics assembly, which selectively guides a beam path provided at the optical interface for coupling into the first or second component beam to the first beam splitter or the second beam splitter. The adjustable optics assembly includes an optical element displaceable by a linear movement from a first position to a second, position, and vice versa, for switching the beam path. The displaceable optical element is arranged in the beam path to be coupled-in in the first position and/or the second position.

Abstract: A microscope having an observation beam path including a main objective, an OCT device including a first detection beam path, a wavefront measuring device including a second detection beam path, a first, a second and a third optics group is provided, wherein the first detection beam path contains the main objective and the first to third optics group, and the first to third optics group forms an afocal imaging optical unit of the first detection beam path and the second detection beam path contains the main objective, the first optics group and the second optics group, and the main objective and the first and second optics group form an afocal imaging optical unit of the second detection beam path.

Abstract: A surgical microscope, in particular an ophthalmic surgical microscope, includes a microscope imaging optical unit for imaging an object to be observed in an image plane along an optical imaging beam path, which passes through the microscope imaging optical unit, and a camera, which captures imaging of the object in the image plane. Further, the surgical microscope includes an optical wavefront encoding element that is positioned or positionable in the optical imaging beam path to influence an imaging light wavefront in the optical imaging beam path in such a way that a depth of field of the imaging of the object through the microscope imaging optical unit with the wavefront encoding element is reduced in relation to the depth of field of the imaging of the object through the microscope imaging optical unit without the wavefront encoding element.

Abstract: A method for refining vegetable oil is used to reduce formation of soaps. An acid-treated vegetable oil mixture is passed through a low shear mixing device prior to being fed to an static hydrodynamic reactor. The static hydrodynamic reactor induces a neutralization reaction that forms soaps in a pressurized vegetable oil mixture. The reacted mixture is discharged from the reactor to a downstream system for separating the formed soaps from the reacted mixture to form a refined vegetable oil having reduced soaps content.

Abstract: A gas pump and processes for preparing the gas pump are presented. The gas pump includes a bottom Holweck stage with internal heaters for cleaning deposits resulting from exhausting gases from a semiconductor manufacturing chamber. One example gas pump includes a turbomolecular stage on a top section of the gas pump and a Holweck stage below the turbomolecular stage. The Holweck stage comprises a rotor element, a stator element with an opening in the center, and one or more heaters. The opening has a substantially cylindrical shape and an inside surface with a plurality of grooves separated by threads. Each heater is situated on a surface of one of the plurality of grooves. The heaters may be turned on to clean the deposits accumulated on the gas pump during the processing of a substrate.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for delivering a process gas to a processing chamber are provided. A mass flow controller includes a first flow line for introducing a process fluid and an inlet valve disposed along the first flow line for controlling a flow rate of the process fluid. The mass flow controller includes a second flow line for introducing a carrier fluid into the mass flow controller and a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) Coriolis sensor for providing a density signal and a mass flow rate signal for a mixture of the process fluid and the carrier fluid. The mass flow controller provided includes an outlet valve for controlling a mass flow rate of the mixture that is output by the mass flow controller as well as a controller for operating the inlet valve based on the density signal and for operating the outlet valve based on the mass flow rate signal.

Abstract: A system and method for degumming oil is used to increase oil yield and reduce impurities such as phosphorus. An oil feedstock, water and enzyme mixture is passed through a high shear mixing device prior to being fed to an agitated reactor equipped with a recirculation system. The recirculation system includes a second high shear mixing device that further mixes the oil mixture in the reactor during processing. The reacted mixture is discharged from the reactor to a downstream post-reaction system for separating the degummed oil from the reacted mixture. The separation step can be used to remove the phosphatides and other impurities from the reacted oil to form a purified oil product.

Abstract: A microscope having an observation beam path including a main objective, an OCT device inlcuding a first detection beam path, a wavefront measuring device including a second detection beam path, a first, a second and a third optics group is provided, wherein the first detection beam path contains the main objective and the first to third optics group, and the first to third optics group forms an afocal imaging optical unit of the first detection beam path and the second detection beam path contains the main objective, the first optics group and the second optics group, and the main objective and the first and second optics group form an afocal imaging optical unit of the second detection beam path.

Abstract: A surgical microscope, in particular an ophthalmic surgical microscope, includes a microscope imaging optical unit for imaging an object to be observed in an image plane along an optical imaging beam path, which passes through the microscope imaging optical unit, and a camera, which captures imaging of the object in the image plane. Further, the surgical microscope includes an optical wavefront encoding element that is positioned or positionable in the optical imaging beam path to influence an imaging light wavefront in the optical imaging beam path in such a way that a depth of field of the imaging of the object through the microscope imaging optical unit with the wavefront encoding element is reduced in relation to the depth of field of the imaging of the object through the microscope imaging optical unit without the wavefront encoding element.

Abstract: A braking system includes a moveable structure connected to a rear brake. The rear brake may be a hub brake or a disc brake. A cable to the front brake is connected to the moveable structure. When the rear brake is actuated, the moveable structure moves. The movement of the structure pulls the cable to actuate the front brake. The movement may include a translation, rotation, or both.