Abstract: A Central Unit (CU) is connected to multiple Remote Radio Heads (RRHs) over a backhaul. The spatial separation of units creates long round-trip times, which are addressed in the present disclosure. The enhanced operation allows for counting down a BackOff (BO) on either the RRH side or on the CU side. RRHs that perform the BO procedure can resolve the issue of insufficient InterFrame Space (IFS) time for the RRH to obtain Data from the CU and to invoke a BO. In addition, RRHs that perform the BO procedures are able to reduce channel access contention when multiple RRHs are performing BOs, while utilization efficiency for the medium can also be increased by the improved synchronization of BO and Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) status between the CU and RRHs.

Abstract: Infrared absorbance-modulated evanescent scattering systems and methods are disclosed along with uses for such in label-free chemical fingerprinting of bio-nanoparticles. Systems and methods can include directing a mid-infrared (IR) beam at an oblique angle onto a portion of a sample located on a gold-coated substrate to induce a temperature change in the portion by absorption of the mid-IR beam while simultaneously directing a probe beam onto the gold-coated substrate to generate a laterally-propagating evanescent field while detecting orthogonally scattered probe light from the sample using a detector. Applications can include distinguishing empty from cargo-loaded lipid nanoparticles and analyzing adeno-associated virus particles providing advancements in gene therapy, vaccine development, and biological research.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure proposes a headset-based text recognition method, apparatus, headset, storage medium and program product, and relates to the field of headset technology. The method is applied to a processing unit, and includes: when it is detected that a text recognition mode is triggered, sending a shooting instruction to a camera unit, so that the camera unit can acquire at least one image to be recognized of the recognized object according to the shooting instruction; receiving the at least one image to be recognized sent by the camera unit; inputting the at least one image to be recognized into a preset text recognition model, so that the preset text recognition model can recognize the image to be recognized, so as to obtain text content; and outputting the text content.

Abstract: Disclosed is an automatic welding apparatus used inside a steel tube, which includes a connecting seat and a fixing bracket. The fixing bracket is fixedly connected to a rear side of the connecting seat. a roller assembly is provided at one end of the fixing bracket, and a left side and a right side of the connecting seat are respectively fixedly connected with two first mounting brackets, between which a connecting shaft is rotatably connected. The connecting shaft is rotatably connected with a driving wheel, a signal transmission component is arranged on a periphery of the driving wheel, a laser welder is provided on an upper surface of the connecting seat, a laser welding head is provided at one end of the laser welder; and the laser welder is configured to start the laser welding head according to a signal transmitted by the signal transmission component.

Abstract: An enhanced method of handling block Acks, such as for latency sensitive traffic streams, for which a separate block Ack mechanism is established, which is separate from other traffic in the same TID. With this separate block Ack mechanism the recipient STA can have an independent receive reordering buffer control for latency sensitive traffic, so that the MSDU or A-MSDU of latency sensitive traffic can be passed to the next MAC process in order of increasing sequence number of the MSDUs or A-MSDUs since those MSDUs and A-MSDUs have the same QoS requirement, such as the latency time. This mechanism reduces the chances of latency sensitive traffic being stuck in a receive reordering buffer behind other traffic in the TID and having its traffic expire.

Abstract: Enhanced wireless protocols are described for stations (STAs) which are associated with Multiple-Link Devices (MLD). One embodiment describes overcoming replay attacks (with or without a modified Sequence Number (SN) even when protected by a Group Temporal Key (GTK) or similar. Other embodiments describe MLP operating enhancements associated with utilizing a Robust Security Network Element (RSNE), or NSTR Mobile AP MLD, or Target Beacon Transmission Time (TBTT) Information fields with Reduced Neighbor Reports (RNR), or Quiet Channel elements in an Association/Reassociation, or that use PPDU end alignment are all subject to specific shortcomings when applied to MLDs.

Abstract: A wireless IEEE 802.11 queuing architecture supporting Low Latency Low Loss Scalable throughput (L4S) and Dual Queue Active Queue Management (AQM) in which queues for both L4S streams and classic streams are contained in the medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more of these queues are configured with more than one internal queue, to which different L4S packets and other packet types are retained in different internal queues within the MAC transmit queues. The MAC queues are configured for MAC layer buffering of L4S packets and classical packets in separate queues and/or queues having internal queues for buffering different packet types, classifications, latency sensitivity, QoS considerations, and so forth. The architecture also allows for multiple packet queues in the upper layers above the MAC layer.

Abstract: An enhanced protocol for addressing communication issues arising from using a Remote Radio Head (RRH). An Access Point (AP), denoted as Remote Radio Head (RRH) AP, consists of a Central Unit (CU) and at least one RRH that can be located remotely. The functionalities of the Medium Access Control (MAC) and the Physical (PHY) layers of the RRH AP are split between the CU and RRH; with the CU exchanging frames between the MAC layers, and the RRH transmitting and receiving the physical signals through the channel.

Abstract: A control method, a headphone and a storage medium are provided. The method, applied to a headphone, includes: monitoring a wearing state of the headphone; acquiring an operation instruction of a user for the headphone, wherein the operation instruction comprises at least one of a wake-up instruction, a photographing instruction, an inquiry instruction or an audio playing instruction; and according to the wearing state and the operation instruction, controlling the headphone to perform a corresponding target operation.

Abstract: Protocol enhancements for IEEE 802.11 handling of Buffer Status Reports (BSRs) to provide real-time information on Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. A non-AP STA can report QoS status about portions of a buffer, which then allows the AP to schedule transmissions for those buffers toward satisfying their QoS requirements. The non-AP STA can also change parameters of the QoS characteristics element of an existing SCS to allow the AP to schedule transmission for the SCS traffic with the new parameters immediately. The non-AP STA can also report on buffers that should soon arrive to allow the AP to trigger the transmission before those buffers arrive. Additional benefits are also provided.

Abstract: A wireless communication apparatus, method or protocol for wireless STAs using CSMA/CA on a wireless local area network (WLAN). A receiver STA receives MSDUs or A-MSDUs which include an expiration time, from a transmitter STA. The receiver STA stores the MSDUs or A-MSDUs with expiration time in its receive reordering buffer of the corresponding high-throughput (HT)-immediate block acknowledgement (Ack) agreement. The receiver STA passes the MSDU or A-MSDU to a next MAC process before an expiration time of the MSDU or A-MSDU. Thus, the percentage of latency sensitive traffic packets being communicated prior to expiration is increased.

Abstract: New reverse direction (RD) protocols for EHT devices during reserved target wait time (R-TWT) service periods (SPs). In this protocol the R-TWT scheduling AP does not have to trigger the RD initiator when it performs as the RD responder, and can trigger TB PPDU(s). In addition, the RD initiator is enabled to inform the RD initiator to inform its non-AP peer STA about the R-TWT information in the transmitted RD PPDU. The RD initiator is enabled to send a new MU RD PPDU to both the R-TWT scheduling AP and the non-AP peer STA, which allows the AP to quickly takeover scheduling if the non-AP peer STA is a non-RTWT member and has limited access the in current ongoing R-TWT SP.

Abstract: Methods are described for overcoming contention issues during R-TWT SPs. In particular, enhanced mechanisms are defined in prioritizing transmissions of R-TWT TIDs during corresponding R-TWT SPs. In addition, enhanced access mechanisms are described for overcoming issues with stations accessing the channel after sensing an idle channel after a DIFS or AIFS time period.

Abstract: Enhanced TID-to-UP mapping is performed which allows multiple TIDs to be mapped to the UPs of the same AC. Thus, a first STA can set TID-to-UP mapping for a second STA, whereby TID-to-UP mapping can differentiate the MSDUs or A-MSDUs that are transmitted. In addition, an MSDU/A-MSDU can be classified by TID first, then use TID-to-UP mapping to map it to the corresponding UP. In addition, an SCS traffic stream can assign a TID and a UP to that SCS traffic stream. The use of these enhanced mechanism can enhance low latency performance.

Abstract: Multiple Access Point Coordination (MAPC) is directed to enhance WiFi performance by enabling a set of Access Points (APs) to coordinate with each other through advanced coordinating schemes to reduce inter-AP contention and congestion. A process framework is described which facilitates coordination across multiple-APs using Coordinated Spatial Reuse (C-SR), that reciprocally adjust their scheduling strategy, power control and link adaptation to meet specific Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. A two-layer Multi-Armed Bandit (MAB) approach is described, which also preserves fair use of resources across all nodes. The validity of this approach is confirmed by system level simulations, which validate the improved efficiency in terms of sum-throughput, as well as enhanced fairness.

Abstract: A wireless communication protocol which operates with multi-link devices (MLDs) having simultaneous transmit and receive (STR) link pairs to allow transmitting a long MU PPDU by an originator on a first link, which is acknowledged (Ack) by a recipient on a second link. The Ack on the second link may be on a single resource unit (RU) which may be shared by multiple stations. The Ack may be received during the MP PPDU on the first link, making it a quick Ack. In many cases this allows the originator to perform a retransmission within the same PPDU, thus especially benefitting real-time traffic which is latency sensitive.

Abstract: An enhanced method of handling block Acks, such as for latency sensitive traffic streams, for which a separate block Ack mechanism is established, which is separate from other traffic in the same TID. With this separate block Ack mechanism the recipient STA can have an independent receive reordering buffer control for latency sensitive traffic, so that the MSDU or A-MSDU of latency sensitive traffic can be passed to the next MAC process in order of increasing sequence number of the MSDUs or A-MSDUs since those MSDUs and A-MSDUs have the same QoS requirement, such as the latency time. This mechanism reduces the chances of latency sensitive traffic being stuck in a receive reordering buffer behind other traffic in the TID and having its traffic expire.

Abstract: A non-AP STA, which is a scheduled STA having membership in an R-TWT scheduled STA, having an enqueued urgent burst of RTA traffic for the AP during an ongoing R-TWT SP of which it does not have R-TWT membership, is enabled to initiate R-TWT negotiation with the scheduling AP inside the ongoing R-TWT SP to either request a temporary or a long-term membership of the current ongoing R-TWT SP or request to setup a new temporary or long-term R-TWT SP after the current SP, but before the SP it originally had membership in, or to contend for an RA-RU in the current R-TWT SP if UORA feature is enabled. Thus, a non-R-TWT member STA is granted access for its burst traffic transmissions.

Abstract: Cross link signaling in a WiFi protocol which supports cross link power management, having Automatic Power Save Delivery (APSD) on the AP side, and which includes unscheduled (U)-APSD and scheduled (S)-APSD, over one or multiple links or sub-channels. An explicit TWT for a broadcast TWT provides the flexibility of having a broadcast TWT SP between two subsequent negotiated broadcast TWT SPs. Individual/broadcast TWTs can be suspended and resumed for all member STAs toward improving efficiency of AP power saving. Additional elements and benefits are described.

Abstract: A multiple link device (MLD) for performing a wireless communications protocol to provide dynamic power saving (PS) on a wireless local area network (WLAN). The Active state (non-dozing) comprises both a full capability higher powered state, and a lower powered state in which it has less capability. Wherein stations of an MLD can be directed to listen using the lower power active mode; yet a transition to the higher power active mode can be made when the need arises for transmitting frames with another MLD.