Abstract: A wireless IEEE 802.11 communication protocol under CSMA/CA for enhanced full duplex (FD) station (STA) operations. PPDU preambles are configured to incorporate STA identification and corresponding resource unit (RU) or multiple resource unit (MRU) information. An FD AP indicates STA identification and corresponding RU/MRU index of a transmission destination in the FD preamble of a downlink (DL) PPDU; while a FD non-AP STA indicates its own STA identification and corresponding RU/MRU index in the FD preamble of a uplink (UL) PPDU. The disclosed technology mitigates many issues in regard to fake collisions, partial RU fake collisions, and real collisions, toward improving communications and efficiency and reducing latencies.

Abstract: Ultra High Reliability (UHR) operation under IEEE 802.11 be provides an inner connection between a central controller and multiple AP or AP MLDs through a backhaul connection. Enhancements are described herein for overcoming roaming conflict issues using new link management functionalities directed to the new UHR architecture including a Global Link ID, Global AID, Global AID Bitmap and changes to link management negotiation and operations toward attaining seamless roaming. In addition, a Partial Virtual bitmap in TIM element, and a Global Multi-Link Traffic Indication element support these operations.

Abstract: A channel access procedure (protocol) for WLAN communications in controlled Ultra-High Reliability (UHR) scenarios. An initiating station (AP or non-AP) determines a stations to be idle and acquires a Transmit Opportunity (TxOP) within a specific fixed period, and may transmit for a defined portion of that period, and be idle for the remaining period. Options are described in which initiator can pause and restart, or fully terminate or truncate, transmission within that TxOP. A Global hybrid coordinator (GHC) paradigm is established for coordinating a group of APs belonging to different Basic Service Sets (BSSs).

Abstract: A first access point comprises circuitry configured to perform a sounding procedure with one or more first stations associated with the first access point and configured to communicate with the first access point over a respective channel to determine a resource unit allocation and/or a beamforming configuration for use in subsequent communication with respective first stations, and to transmit a training data unit containing signaling information related to the determined resource unit allocation and/or related to the determined beamforming configuration, wherein the training data unit is transmitted with a beamforming configuration derived from the determined resource unit allocation and/or the determined beamforming configuration.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for supporting simultaneous MultiUser (MU) Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) operations utilizing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) with Uplink OFDMA Random Access (UORA). Access Points (APs) trigger and obtain short PPDUs from the stations to learn spatial filtering patterns that are utilized in adjusting antenna phase differences to obtain minimum/maximum energy from this BSR. The APs determine favored and unfavored directions of communication, which are conveyed to non-AP UORA stations as channel estimation signals. The UORA stations base broadcasting on strengths of channel estimation signals to determine eligible UORA resource units. The UORA procedure to secondary APs allows a primary AP to trigger a UL-MU MIMO transmission with the number of spatial streams exceeding the number of antennas at the primary AP.

Abstract: A communication circuit and protocol for a wireless local area network (WLAN) using single EDCA and/or Multiple-User (MU) EDCA in which frames for Real Time Applications (RTA) can utilize shared Transmit Opportunities (TXOPs) to reduce transmission latencies. The protocol is configured in a number of ways to ensure communication fairness, such as by ensuring a minimum required channel resource is provided for transmitting frames from the primary AC during the TXOP. AP MLDs and non-AP MLDs are also supported and can exchange information on distinguishing traffic streams from other traffic streams having the same Traffic Identifier (TID), in determining which links to use for transmitting the traffic stream.

Abstract: A wireless protocol CSMA/CA and scheduling SPs of a R-TWT for RTA frame exchange. In addition to link level scheduling, R-TWTs can be scheduled from an MLD level. An R-TWT scheduling MLD is configured to schedule a Multi-Link (ML) R-TWT with SP scheduled on multiple links. These ML R-TWTs can be one or more SL R-TWTs, and a ML R-TWT can be an independent R-TWT from the SL R-TWT. The R-TWT scheduling MLD can: (a) assign a unique ML level R-TWT ID to identify a ML R-TWT, and if a ML R-TWT consists of SL R-TWTs each SL R-TWT is assigned to a unique link level R-TWT ID to identify it on its link; and (b) complete ML R-TWT signaling on one link for the ML R-TWT management on multiple links.

Abstract: Full-duplex (FD) enhancements for three scenarios with multiple APs/BSSs. (1) Multiple-AP joint transmissions on a WLAN. Toward eliminating self-interferences and other issues, certain pilot signals in the PPDU are transmitted only by the primary AP. One or more secondary APs participating in the joint transmission receive the pilots to correct their clock in the following symbols. (2) Communications are performed with extended OFDM symbols sent on a second channel which facilitate NAV decoding for stations transmitting on a first channel. (3) More than one AP can perform a joint Ack/BA to a UL PPDU. The secondary AP may utilize its full duplex capability to determine the difference of receiving status between itself and the primary AP, and forward data to the primary which it had not received.

Abstract: Providing conflict resolution between beacon transmission and Restricted-Target Wake Time (R-TWT) Service Periods (SPs) to enhance IEEE 802.11 protocols, especially for Extra High Throughput (EHT) Access Points (APs). After determining if a beacon will overlap the start of a TXOP and whether the beacon or R-TWT SP transmission has higher priority; the AP resolves the conflict such as to start or continue the R-TWT TID and embed the beacon frame within the transmitted frame, or to limit the TXOP to provide for transmitting the beacon frame at the proper timing.

Abstract: A first access point comprises circuitry configured to perform a sounding procedure with one or more first stations associated with the first access point and configured to communicate with the first access point over a respective channel to determine resource unit allocation and beamforming configuration for use in subsequent communication with respective first stations, and to transmit a training data unit containing signaling information related to the determined resource unit allocation and related to the determined beamforming configuration, wherein the training data unit is transmitted with a beamforming configuration derived from the determined resource unit allocation and the determined beamforming configuration.

Abstract: A preamble-based collision detection mechanism for use in wireless local area networks (WLANS), having one or more full-duplex (FD) stations. In addition, a new collision resolution estimation and scheduling mechanism is described for prioritized communication. These techniques can allow for more rapid collision detection and resolution, without the need of performing self-interference (SI) estimation. The techniques includes use of orthogonal preambles, in the time domain and/or frequency domain, into which FD stations embed priority information.

Abstract: A wireless protocol for providing smooth roaming when a non-Access Point (non-AP) Multi-Link Device (MLD) roams between Basic Service Sets (BSSs). One or more links of a roaming non-AP MLD can be in the process of communicating latency sensitive traffic during a R-TWT SP of a first BSS while roaming to a target BSS. Negotiation is made with the AP MLD of the target BSS so that upon completion of roaming to the target BSS, one or more links of the roaming non-AP MLD are allowed to use a predetermined/enhanced R-TWT SP of the target BSS without further negotiation.

Abstract: An application-level memory control group of a first application may be created when the first application is opened. An anonymous page of the first application is added to a least recently used linked list of the application-level memory control group, and a file page of the first application is added to a global least recently used linked list. An application-level memory control group is created in a dimension of an application, and an anonymous page of the application is managed in a refined manner. In addition, a file page of the application-level memory control group may be managed based on a global least recently used linked list.

Abstract: A coordinated form of R-TWT SP scheduling taking into account the needs of non-AP STAs in adjacent BSS. A flag in the BSSID field is used to indicate if the AP is represented by the BSSID is a UHR AP. Mechanisms are described to support coordinated R-TWTs and the operation of UHR devices supporting these coordinated R-TWT. The protocol for UHR AP and UHR non-AP STAs allows for identifying possible interference with the OBSS, directly rescheduling, or performing negotiation with the UHR AP of the OBSS for scheduling the R-TWT SP.

Abstract: A wireless protocol performing Restricted Target Wait Time (R-TWT) signaling and its parameters to reduce latency, such as for real-time application traffic. Further control of traffic flow is provided during the R-TWT Service Period (SP), including whether: R-TWT SP can be extended, multiple overlapped R-TWT SPs on different links can be started, spatial reuse is required during R-TWT SP, allowance of transmission outside R-TWT SP, or use of Quiet element to protect R-TWT SP, whereby R-TWT operation (mode) is described with enhanced operations. Protocol is applicable to Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs), and is especially well suited for 802.11be 802.11ax, Real-Time Application (RTA) traffic such as on time sensitive networks, Wi-Fi and on Multi-Link Devices (MLDs).

Abstract: A wireless communications protocol for enabling legacy (non-EHT) stations (STAs) to operate on the conditional link of the Soft AP MLD. Legacy devices can connect and setup link connections on the conditional link, and the scheduler is configured to allow legacy STAs to use the conditional link if there is no IDC interference issue at the soft AP MLD. This enhanced protocol utilizes either a cooperative HCCA schedule created for simultaneous transmission and reception over the basic link and conditional link, or an adaptive polling-based scheduling performed for the conditional link in response to the link status of the basic link.

Abstract: A wide-field microscopy system and method for imaging a sample include directing infrared light onto the sample to selectively heat the sample. Probe light is also directed onto the sample. An objective collects the probe light after it interacts with the sample. The collected probe light is detected at a detector. A relative distance between the objective and sample is adjusted to introduce an optical defocus enhancement to enhance detection of a change in detected probe light that is indicative of infrared absorption by the sample.

Abstract: Provided is a real-time estimation method for a surface lithium concentration of an electrode active material of a lithium ion battery. The method comprises: obtaining an electric current sequence and a temperature sequence of a battery port and a basic parameter of an electrode active material, and calculating a surface lithium concentration, the average lithium concentration and an initial value of a transient variable of the electrode active material in a diffusion process; at the beginning of the current time period, calculating a surface reaction ion flux and a diffusion coefficient of the electrode active material and a time constant of the transient variable of lithium in the active material in the diffusion process; at the end of the current time period, calculating the transient variable of the active material in the diffusion process and the average lithium concentration of the active material.

Abstract: This invention relates to an unnatural amino acid-based ionic liquid, and preparation methods and applications thereof. It specifically provides a combination for preparing a protein comprising an unnatural amino acid, comprising: (1) one or more aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases capable of binding to a mutated tRNA; (2) one or more mutated tRNAs with an anti-codon loop mutated to complement a termination codon; (3) various unnatural amino acid-based ionic liquids. The combination can be used for recombinant expression of a target protein comprising an unnatural amino acid. The unnatural amino acid-based ionic liquids can improve the read-through efficiency of the genetic codon expansion system for a premature termination codon (PTC) and/or the incorporation efficiency of unnatural amino acids.

Abstract: A method for estimating a reactive ion flux and a potential inside a lithium-ion battery includes: obtaining states and parameters of a battery port and points to be analyzed inside the battery required for calculation; calculating reaction parameters of the points to be analyzed inside the battery; calculating a spatial distribution function of a reactive ion flux inside the battery; and calculating a spatial distribution function of a potential of an electrolyte inside the battery.