Abstract: An electrolytic cell and system used for making nitrogen trifluoride consisting of a computer and an electrolytic cell having a body, an electrolyte, at least one anode chamber that produces an anode product gas, at least one cathode chamber, and one or more fluorine adjustment means to maintain fluorine or hydrogen in the anode product gas within a target amount by adjusting the concentration of fluorine in said anode product gas, and the process that controls the system.

Abstract: The invention relates to the electrolysis of aqueous electrolyte solutions containing GeO2; hydroxide and water with metal alloy electrodes, such as, copper or tin rich alloy electrodes with alloying elements such as Sn, Pb, Zn, Cu etc, to generate Germane (GeH4). Cu-rich alloy electrodes have been demonstrated to increase the GeH4 current efficiency by almost 20% compared to Cu metal electrodes. Germanium deposition has been found to be either absent or minimal by using Cu-rich alloy electrodes. Several different methods for maintaining the cell performance or restoring the cell performance after a reduction in current efficiency over time, have been identified. A titration-based method for the analysis of the electrolyte, to obtain the concentration of GeO2 and the concentration of hydroxide has also been disclosed.

Abstract: A method for generating a hydride gas of metal M1 in an electrochemical cell comprising a cathode comprising metal M1, a sacrificial anode comprising metal M2, an initial concentration of aqueous electrolyte solution comprising a metal hydroxide, M3OH, wherein the sacrificial metal anode electrochemically oxidizes in the presence of the aqueous electrolyte solution comprising M3OH to form a metal salt, and the hydride gas of metal M1 is formed by reducing the metal M1 of the cathode. The method comprises the steps of determining solubility profile curves of the metal salt as the M3OH is consumed and the metal oxide is formed by the oxidation reaction at various concentrations of M3OH; determining a maximum concentration of M3OH that, as it is consumed, does not yield a concentration of metal salt that precipitates out of the electrolyte solution; and choosing a concentration of M3OH that is in the range of at and within 5% less than the maximum concentration of M3OH to be the initial concentration of M3OH.

Abstract: The invention pertains to an improved apparatus comprised of a monolith catalytic reactor having an inlet and an outlet and a static mixer having an inlet and an outlet thereto with the outlet of said static mixer in communication with the inlet of said monolith catalytic reactor. The invention also pertains to an improvement in a process for effecting a reaction in the monolith catalytic reactor wherein a reactant gas and reactant liquid are introduced to the inlet to the monolith catalytic reactor, reacted and, then, the reaction product passed through the outlet of the monolith catalytic reactor.

Abstract: This invention is an apparatus and a method for continuously generating a hydride gas of metal M1 which is substantially free of oxygen in a divided electrochemical cell. An impermeable partition or a combination of an impermeable partition and a porous diaphragm can be used to divide the electrochemical cell. The divided electrochemical cell has an anode chamber and a cathode chamber, wherein the cathode chamber has a cathode comprising metal M1, the anode chamber has an anode capable of generating oxygen, an aqueous electrolyte solution comprising a metal hydroxide M2OH partially filling the divided electrochemical cell. Hydride gas generated in the cathode chamber and oxygen generated in the anode chamber are removed through independent outlets.

Abstract: A method for generating a hydride gas of metal M1 in an electrochemical cell comprising a cathode comprising metal M1, a sacrificial anode comprising metal M2, an initial concentration of aqueous electrolyte solution comprising a metal hydroxide, M3OH, wherein the sacrificial metal anode electrochemically oxidizes in the presence of the aqueous electrolyte solution comprising M3OH to form a metal salt, and the hydride gas of metal M1 is formed by reducing the metal M1 of the cathode. The method comprises the steps of determining solubility profile curves of the metal salt as the M3OH is consumed and the metal oxide is formed by the oxidation reaction at various concentrations of M3OH; determining a maximum concentration of M3OH that, as it is consumed, does not yield a concentration of metal salt that precipitates out of the electrolyte solution; and choosing a concentration of M3OH that is in the range of at and within 5% less than the maximum concentration of M3OH to be the initial concentration of M3OH.

Abstract: The invention pertains to an improved apparatus comprised of a monolith catalytic reactor having an inlet and an outlet and a static mixer having an inlet and an outlet thereto with the outlet of said static mixer in communication with the inlet of said monolith catalytic reactor. The invention also pertains to an improvement in a process for effecting a reaction in the monolith catalytic reactor wherein a reactant gas and reactant liquid are introduced to the inlet to the monolith catalytic reactor, reacted and, then, the reaction product passed through the outlet of the monolith catalytic reactor.

Abstract: This invention relates to apparatus particularly a monolith catalytic reactor in a stirred tank reactor. The stirred tank reactor including the fixed bed catalytic reactor apparatus comprises: an housing having an open top and open bottom portion supportably maintained with said tank, said housing having a substantially outwardly extending, horizontal baffle near its top portion said baffle having a least one perforation in its surface, and said housing having at least one perforation in the wall near its top portion; a fixed bed catalyst system supportably retained within said housing permitting both liquid and gas flow therethrough; and, an agitator shaft terminating in a turbine blade substantially adjacent the perforation in the wall of said housing, said agitator having a passageway including an opening in an upper portion thereof to the interior of an upper part of said tank and terminating in an opening adjacent the turbine blade.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved monolith catalytic reactor and a monolith support. The improvement in the support resides in a polymer network/carbon coating applied to the surface of a porous substrate and a catalytic metal, preferably a transition metal catalyst applied to the surface of the polymer network/carbon coating. The monolith support has from 100 to 800 cells per square inch and a polymer network/carbon coating with surface area of from 0.1 to 15 m2/gram as measured by adsorption of N2 or Kr using the BET method.

Abstract: This invention relates to apparatus particularly a monolith catalytic reactor in a stirred tank reactor.

Abstract: The invention pertains to an improved apparatus comprised of a monolith catalytic reactor having an inlet and an outlet and a static mixer having an inlet and an outlet thereto with the outlet of said static mixer in communication with the inlet of said monolith catalytic reactor. The invention also pertains to an improvement in a process for effecting a reaction in the monolith catalytic reactor wherein a reactant gas and reactant liquid are introduced to the inlet to the monolith catalytic reactor, reacted and, then, the reaction product passed through the outlet of the monolith catalytic reactor.

Abstract: The invention pertains to an improved apparatus comprised of a monolith catalytic reactor having an inlet and an outlet and a static mixer having an inlet and an outlet thereto with the outlet of said static mixer in communication with the inlet of said monolith catalytic reactor. The invention also pertains to an improvement in a process for effecting a reaction in the monolith catalytic reactor wherein a reactant gas and reactant liquid are introduced to the inlet to the monolith catalytic reactor, reacted and, then, the reaction product passed through the outlet of the monolith catalytic reactor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to monolith catalysts comprising a catalytic metal deposited onto a coated monolith substrate comprising a wash coat applied to a monolith substrate wherein the monolith catalysts have a surface area ranging from 0.1 to 25 m2/gram as measured by adsorption of N2 or Kr using the BET method. The invention also relates to the coated monolith substrates used in such monolith catalysts. The monolith catalysts of the present invention are particularly suited toward use in hydrogenation processes which employ an immiscible mixture of an organic reactant in water.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved monolith catalytic reactor and a monolith support. The improvement in the support resides in a polymer network/carbon coating applied to the surface of a porous substrate and a catalytic metal, preferably a transition metal catalyst applied to the surface of the polymer network/carbon coating. The monolith support has from 100 to 800 cells per square inch and a polymer network/carbon coating with surface area of from 0.1 to 15 m2/gram as measured by adsorption of N2 or Kr using the BET method.

Abstract: This invention relates to process for carrying out gas-liquid reactions such as those employed in the hydrogenation or oxidation of organic compounds. In the catalytic reaction of a liquid reactant and a gaseous reactant to form a product, the improvement which comprises: pressurizing a liquid reactant and, then, introducing the resultant pressurized liquid reactant to a liquid motive gas ejector wherein it is mixed with the gaseous reactant. The mixture is passed to and reacted in a monolith catalytic reactor. The products are removed from the monolith catalytic reactor at a reduced pressure and, then introduced to a tank. The unreacted materials in the reaction product then are recirculated back to the ejector.

Abstract: This invention relates to apparatus suited for gas-liquid reactions such as those employed in the hydrogenation or oxidation of organic compounds.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved for the hydrogenation of an immiscible mixture of an organic reactant in water. The immiscible mixture can result from the generation of water by the hydrogenation reaction itself or, by the addition of, water to the reactant prior to contact with the catalyst. The improvement resides in effecting the hydrogenation reaction in a monolith catalytic reactor from 100 to 800 cpi, at a superficial velocity of from 0.1 to 2 m/second in the absence of a cosolvent for the immiscible mixture. In a preferred embodiment, the hydrogenation is carried out using a monolith support which has a polymer network/carbon coating onto which a transition metal is deposited.

Abstract: A continuous stirred tank reactor is paired with a bubble column reactor to enhance conversion in a continuous process, e.g. hydrogenation, wherein a gaseous reactant is mixed with a liquid. The continuous stirred reactor is fitted with a specialized impeller system to circulate the liquid and enhance contact of the liquid with reactant gas carried over from the bubble column.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improvement in a process for hydrogenating a nitroaromatic composition namely dinitrotoluene by contacting the dinitrotoluene with hydrogen in a reactor employing a monolith catalyst system. Broadly the improvement resides in the continuous, essentially solventless, adiabatic hydrogenation of dinitrotoluene to toluenediamine in a plug flow reactor system incorporating the monolith catalyst. The process generally comprises the steps:introducing a feedstock comprised of dinitrotoluene and reaction product components continuously into the reactor and said feedstock having less that 30% by weight of a solvent,carrying out the hydrogenation of dinitrotoluene to toluenediamine under adiabatic conditions; and,continuously removing hydrogenated reaction product from the reactor.