Abstract: A method of forming a heat-treated liquid nutritional composition having a neutral pH and comprising a water-insoluble plant flavonoid comprises providing an aqueous liquid nutritional composition having a pH of from about 6 to about 7.5 and comprising protein, fat, carbohydrate, and water-insoluble plant flavonoid, homogenizing the liquid nutritional composition at a pressure of at least about 2000 psi, and heat treating the liquid nutritional composition. A heat-treated liquid nutritional composition having a pH of from about 6 to about 7.5 comprises a water-insoluble plant flavonoid, protein, fat and carbohydrate. At least about 75 wt % of the water-insoluble plant flavonoid remains suspended throughout the liquid nutritional composition after two months of storage at room temperature.

Abstract: A method of improving insulin production in a subject in need thereof comprises administering a nutritional composition comprising lysine, arginine, and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) to the subject. A method of improving insulin secretion in a subject in need thereof comprises administering a nutritional composition comprising lysine, arginine, and HMB to the subject. A nutritional composition comprises about 0.01 to about 15 wt % HMB, about 0.03 to about 40 wt % lysine, and about 0.02 to about wt % arginine.

Abstract: A method of improving joint health in a subject in need thereof comprises administering an exosome-enriched product comprising intact bovine milk-derived exosomes to the subject in need thereof.

Abstract: A method of increasing height in a pediatric subject comprises enterally administering an exosome-enriched product comprising intact bovine milk-derived exosomes to the pediatric subject in need thereof. A method of promoting linear bone growth in a pediatric subject comprises enterally administering an exosome-enriched product comprising intact bovine milk-derived exosomes to the pediatric subject in need thereof. A method of obtaining an exosome-enriched product from cheese whey comprises subjecting the cheese whey to microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), and diafiltration (DF) steps, wherein the MF, UF, and DF steps employ, successively, membranes with cut off values which gradually decrease in size with each filtration step, wherein the cheese whey is sweet cheese whey and has a pH from about 6.0 to about 6.5.

Abstract: A method of reducing or delaying the onset of fatty liver disease in a subject comprises enterally administering at least one human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) to a subject in need thereof in an amount effective to reduce hepatic lipid accumulation. In a specific embodiment, the at least one HMO is administered in an amount effective to reduce de novo lipogenesis in the subject. The at least one HMO can be administered to the subject directly or in a nutritional composition.

Abstract: A method of preventing, reducing, or delaying the onset of fatty liver disease in a subject comprises enterally administering intact bovine milk-derived exosomes consisting of endogenous cargo to a subject in need thereof in an amount effective to reduce hepatic lipid accumulation. In a specific embodiment, the intact bovine milk-derived exosomes consisting of endogenous cargo can be administered in an amount effective to reduce de novo lipogenesis in the subject. The intact bovine milk-derived exosomes consisting of endogenous cargo can be administered to the subject directly or in a nutritional composition.

Abstract: A method of obtaining an exosome-enriched product comprises providing a whey-containing bovine milk fraction, conducting a first centrifugation of the whey-containing bovine milk fraction to obtain a whey middle fraction, conducting a second centrifugation of the whey middle fraction at an increased speed to obtain a concentrated whey fraction, filtering the concentrated whey fraction to obtain a filtered whey fraction, and conducting a third centrifugation of the filtered whey fraction at a further increased speed to obtain an exosome-enriched product. The exosome-enriched product comprises intact exosomes and less than 5 wt % casein based on the total weight of protein in the exosome-enriched product. Nutritional compositions comprise protein, carbohydrate, and/or fat, and exosomes provided by addition of the exosome-enriched product. A method of improving insulin sensitivity in a subject comprises administering a nutritional composition comprising the exosome-enriched product.

Abstract: Methods of increasing microvascular blood flow in the muscle of a human subject comprise orally administering about 100 to about 800 mg cocoa flavanols per day in a nutritional composition comprising at least one source of protein, to a subject in need of increased microvascular blood flow in the muscle.

Abstract: A method of treating diarrhea or an inflammatory condition of the gut in a subject comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) or a salt thereof to a subject in need thereof. A method of treating secretory diarrhea in a subject comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of HMB or a salt thereof to a subject exhibiting one or more of the following symptoms: loss of fluids from the gut, loss of electrolytes from the gut, dehydration, or inflammation of the intestinal tract.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are apparatuses and methods that can provide a delayed bolus calculator for use in closed loop diabetes therapy that can account for additional factors not taken into account in regular meal bolus calculations when a user wants to deliver a meal bolus a period of time after a meal was consumed. A delayed bolus calculator can enable the user to enter a period of time since the meal was consumed in addition to the number of carbohydrates consumed in a meal. This enables the system to account for the amount of increased insulin from the closed loop algorithm in response to the meal and/or the time since the meal to ensure that the risk of hypoglycemia is mitigated while still reducing hyperglycemia.

Abstract: A method of promoting bone health in a moderately malnourished individual is provided. The method includes treating the moderately malnourished individual with a nutritional composition that contains a carbohydrate blend. The carbohydrate blend includes a source of at least one carbohydrate that provides rapidly available glucose, a source of at least one carbohydrate that provides slowly available glucose, and a source of at least one non-digestible carbohydrate or resistant starch.

Abstract: An alternate mode for addressing meals in closed loop insulin delivery systems is disclosed. An Eating Soon Mode may be a user-selectable feature that can be activated when a user anticipates eating a meal in the near future. Once activated, Eating Soon Mode preemptively modifies the closed loop algorithm in preparation for the expected rise in glucose levels from consumption of the meal. This can result in a greater amount of time in range for the user, a lower coefficient of variation of the user's glucose levels and/or a lower maximum BG level for the user. According to embodiments disclosed herein, activation of Eating Soon Mode modifies the algorithm to deliver a correction bolus to lower the user's glucose level and to provide a modified, lower target range at which to maintain the user's glucose levels in anticipation of the glucose rise that will result from the meal.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and methods for automated insulin delivery that provide an Alternate Normal Activity Mode that has a lower and narrower target range than the standard range employed in Normal Mode. The Alternative Normal Mode can be a user-selectable feature that provides more aggressive glucose level control that is designed to decrease hyperglycemia without significantly increasing the risk of hypoglycemia. For example, Normal Mode may employ a standard glucose range between which the closed loop algorithm attempts to maintain the user's glucose levels such as 112.5 mg/dL to 160 mg/dL and Alternative Normal Mode may employ a lower and narrower range such as 90 mg/dL to 130 mg/dL. Alternative Normal Mode can also employ a lockout feature that is activated when glucose is high, but is falling rapidly.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and methods incorporating an ambulatory infusion pump and a CGM. These systems that can include software and related methods to provide improved automated insulin delivery algorithms that combine and/or filter CGM readings. Embodiments disclosed herein can combine and/or filter additional CGM readings received between therapy calculations by the algorithm to provide improved and more accurate insulin delivery. Methods can include filtering and/or combining CGM readings for a current dosing interval and/or or for past dosing intervals that are used to generate a predicted future glucose level to inform dosing.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and methods for automated insulin delivery that reduce a risk of hypoglycemia from automatically delivering correction boluses. Rather than automatically delivering a correction bolus when a current or future predicted glucose level of a user is over a high glucose threshold, the system can review additional factors to determine whether an automatic correction bolus is appropriate. For example, the system can be prevented from delivering an automatic correction bolus if the user's glucose levels are falling at greater than a predetermined rate and/or if a current glucose level is greater than a future predicted glucose level even if the user's current or predicted future glucose levels is over the high threshold.

Abstract: A method of promoting healthy catch-up growth in a moderately malnourished individual is provided. The method includes administering to the moderately malnourished individual a nutritional composition that contains a carbohydrate blend, wherein the carbohydrate blend comprises a source of at least one carbohydrate that provides rapidly available glucose, a source of at least one carbohydrate that provides slowly available glucose, and a source of at least one non-digestible carbohydrate or resistant starch.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods of modulating and/or decreasing serum corticosterone levels in an individual affected by stress. Further disclosed are methods of modulating the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal response in an individual. The methods include administration of 2-fucosyl-lactose to an individual.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods of modulating and/or decreasing serum corticosterone levels in an individual affected by stress. Further disclosed are methods of modulating the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal response in an individual. The methods include administration of 2-fucosyl-lactose to an individual.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods of modulating and/or decreasing serum corticosterone levels in an individual affected by stress. Further disclosed are methods of modulating the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal response in an individual. The methods include administration of 2-fucosyl-lactose to an individual.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods of modulating and/or decreasing serum corticosterone levels in an individual affected by stress. Further disclosed are methods of modulating the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal response in an individual. The methods include administration of 2-fucosyl-lactose to an individual.