Abstract: A phase-locked loop includes a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) to generate a plurality of quadrature-phase signals at one-half an output frequency in response to bias signals. The VCO also includes a times-two multiplier biased by the bias signals to generate the output frequency from the quadrature-phase signals. The bias signals include a load-element bias signal to concurrently bias load elements of buffer stages of the VCO and substantially identical load elements of the multiplier. The bias signal also include a current-source bias signal to concurrently bias current sources of the buffer stages of the VCO and a substantially identical buffer stage of the multiplier. The VCO operating at one-half the output frequency together with the multiplier may consume less power than the VCO when operating at the output frequency.

Abstract: A phase-locked loop includes a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) to generate a plurality of quadrature-phase signals at one-half an output frequency in response to bias signals. The VCO also includes a times-two multiplier biased by the bias signals to generate the output frequency from the quadrature-phase signals. The bias signals include a load-element bias signal to concurrently bias load elements of buffer stages of the VCO and substantially identical load elements of the multiplier. The bias signal also include a current-source bias signal to concurrently bias current sources of the buffer stages of the VCO and a substantially identical buffer stage of the multiplier. The VCO operating at one-half the output frequency together with the multiplier may consume less power than the VCO when operating at the output frequency.

Abstract: A method of room temperature synthesis of magnetic metal oxide nanoclusters within a diblock copolymer matrix includes the step of synthesizing, by ring opening metathesis polymerization technique, a diblock copolymer having a repeat unit ratio m/n, introducing, at room temperature, one or several metal containing precursors into the one block of the diblock copolymer, and processing the metal containing diblock copolymer by wet chemical technique to form nanoclusters of the metal(s) oxide within the diblock copolymer matrix. Specific reaction for synthesis of CoFe3O4 and Co3O4 nanoclusters within diblock copolymers, such as [NOR]m/[NORCOOH]n and [NOR]m/[CO(bTAN)]n, respectively is used in the method of the present invention.

Abstract: Briefly, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention, an integrated circuit includes an operational amplifier coupled in a circuit configuration. The circuit configuration includes two transistors coupled to the operational amplifier so that the corresponding voltages at the terminals or ports of the transistors are substantially identical. Briefly, in accordance with one more embodiment of the invention, an integrated circuit includes an operational amplifier coupled in a circuit configuration. The circuit configuration includes two circuit components coupled to the operational amplifier so that the corresponding voltages at the terminals or ports of the circuit components are substantially identical. The circuit components include any circuit components capable of implementing a transconductance.