Abstract: An optical fiber, manufacturing intermediate for forming an optical fiber and a method for forming an optical fiber. The method includes providing a manufacturing intermediate having an elongate body and having an aperture extending through the elongate body along an axial dimension of the elongate body, a boundary of the aperture defining an internal surface of the manufacturing intermediate. The method further includes etching the internal surface of the manufacturing intermediate using an etching substance, and drawing the manufacturing intermediate along the axial dimension so as to form the optical fiber.

Abstract: An actuator system configured to position an object, the actuator system includes a piezo actuator having an actuator contact surface. The piezo actuator is configured to exert a force via the actuator contact surface onto the object. The piezo actuator includes a transparent piezo material. The actuator system further has an optical position sensor configured to measure a position of the actuator contact surface. The optical position sensor is configured to transmit an optical beam through the transparent piezo material to the actuator contact surface. The optical position sensor may form an interferometer.

Abstract: A position measurement system to measure a position of an object relative to a reference, the position measurement system including two interferometers, wherein each interferometer is configured to form a reference beam and a measurement beam from input radiation and to combine the reference beam and the measurement beam to provide output radiation to be delivered to a detector, wherein each interferometer is configured such that the reference beam is formed by reflection of input radiation from a reflective element, and such that the measurement beam is formed by diffraction of input radiation from a grating on the object, and wherein the reference beam and the measurement beam are parallel to each other.

Abstract: A position measurement system includes an interferometer to determine a position of an object. The interferometer is arranged to generate a first, second and third signals representative of the position by irradiating respective first, second and third areas of a reflective surface of the object. Along a line, the first and second areas are at a first distance relative to each other, the second and third areas are at a second distance relative to each other, and the first and third areas are at a third distance relative to each other. The interferometer is arranged to provide a rotation signal representative of a rotation of the object along an axis based on the first, second and third signals. The axis is parallel to the reflective surface and perpendicular to the line.

Abstract: An actuator system configured to position an object, the actuator system includes a piezo actuator having an actuator contact surface. The piezo actuator is configured to exert a force via the actuator contact surface onto the object. The piezo actuator includes a transparent piezo material. The actuator system further has an optical position sensor configured to measure a position of the actuator contact surface. The optical position sensor is configured to transmit an optical beam through the transparent piezo material to the actuator contact surface. The optical position sensor may form an interferometer.

Abstract: A measurement system configured to measure a position dependent signal of an object table, the measurement system including at least one sensor mountable on the object table and a sensor target object mountable on a substantially stationary frame, and a mounting device configured to mount the sensor target object on the substantially stationary frame, wherein the measurement system further includes a compensator configured to compensate movements and/or deformations of the sensor target object with respect to the substantially stationary frame. The compensator may include a passive or an active damper and/or a feedback position controller. In an alternative embodiment, the compensator includes a gripping device which fixes the position of the sensor target object during a high accuracy movement of the movable object.

Abstract: A measurement system configured to measure a position dependent signal of an object table, the measurement system including at least one sensor mountable on the object table and a sensor target object mountable on a substantially stationary frame, and a mounting device configured to mount the sensor target object on the substantially stationary frame, wherein the measurement system further includes a compensator configured to compensate movements and/or deformations of the sensor target object with respect to the substantially stationary frame. The compensator may include a passive or an active damper and/or a feedback position controller. In an alternative embodiment, the compensator includes a gripping device which fixes the position of the sensor target object during a high accuracy movement of the movable object.

Abstract: A lithographic apparatus includes a projection system, a substrate table, a plurality of sensors, an actuator and a controller. The projection system is configured to project a patterned beam of radiation onto a substrate. The substrate table is configured to support the substrate and to move relative to the projection system. The plurality of sensors is configured to measure a deformation of the substrate table. The actuator is configured to deform the substrate table. The controller is configured to control the actuator to deform the substrate table based on measurements made by the sensors. The plurality of sensors is located on a first side of the substrate table opposite to a second side of the substrate table facing the projection system. The plurality of sensors is substantially stationary relative to the projection system.

Abstract: A measurement system configured to measure a position dependent signal of an object table, the measurement system including at least one sensor mountable on the object table and a sensor target object mountable on a substantially stationary frame, and a mounting device configured to mount the sensor target object on the substantially stationary frame, wherein the measurement system further includes a compensator configured to compensate movements and/or deformations of the sensor target object with respect to the substantially stationary frame. The compensator may include a passive or an active damper and/or a feedback position controller. In an alternative embodiment, the compensator includes a gripping device which fixes the position of the sensor target object during a high accuracy movement of the movable object.

Abstract: A position measurement system includes a first part and a second part for determining a position of a first member relative to a second member by providing a position signal representing a position of the first part relative to the second part, and a computational unit comprising an input terminal for receiving the position signal. The computational unit is configured to, in use, apply a conversion to the position signal to obtain a signal representing a position of the first member relative to the second member; and apply an adjustment to the conversion to at least partly compensate for a drift of the first part or the second part or both. The adjustment is based on a predetermined drift characteristic of the first part or the second part or both respectively. The predetermined drift characteristic includes one or more base shapes of the first part and/or the second part.

Abstract: A lithography apparatus includes a projection system configured to project a radiation beam onto a substrate, a detector configured to inspect the substrate, and a substrate table configured to support the substrate and move the substrate relative to the projection system and the detector. The detector is arranged to inspect a portion of the substrate while the substrate is moved and before the portion is exposed to the radiation beam.

Abstract: An encoder-type measurement system is configured to measure a position dependent signal of a movable object. The measurement system includes a light source and a sensor. The light source and the sensor are mounted on one of the movable object or a substantially stationary frame. The measurement system also includes a reference object that includes a grating or grid mounted on the other of the movable object or the substantially stationary frame. The light source is configured to emit a light beam towards the reference object. The sensor is configured to detect light of the light source reflected by the reference object. The measurement system also includes an error detector capable of detecting errors in or on the grating or grid of the sensor target object during a continuous production process.

Abstract: A lithography apparatus includes a projection system configured to project a radiation beam onto a substrate, a detector configured to inspect the substrate, and a substrate table configured to support the substrate and move the substrate relative to the projection system and the detector. The detector is arranged to inspect a portion of the substrate while the substrate is moved and before the portion is exposed to the radiation beam.

Abstract: A position measurement system includes a first part and a second part for determining a position of a first member relative to a second member by providing a position signal representing a position of the first part relative to the second part, and a computational unit comprising an input terminal for receiving the position signal. The computational unit is configured to, in use, apply a conversion to the position signal to obtain a signal representing a position of the first member relative to the second member; and apply an adjustment to the conversion to at least partly compensate for a drift of the first part or the second part or both. The adjustment is based on a predetermined drift characteristic of the first part or the second part or both respectively. The predetermined drift characteristic includes one or more base shapes of the first part and/or the second part.

Abstract: A lithographic apparatus includes a projection system, a substrate table, a plurality of sensors, an actuator and a controller. The projection system is configured to project a patterned beam of radiation onto a substrate. The substrate table is configured to support the substrate and to move relative to the projection system. The plurality of sensors is configured to measure a deformation of the substrate table. The actuator is configured to deform the substrate table. The controller is configured to control the actuator to deform the substrate table based on measurements made by the sensors. The plurality of sensors is located on a first side of the substrate table opposite to a second side of the substrate table facing the projection system. The plurality of sensors is substantially stationary relative to the projection system.

Abstract: A measurement system configured to measure a position dependent signal of an object table, the measurement system including at least one sensor mountable on the object table and a sensor target object mountable on a substantially stationary frame, and a mounting device configured to mount the sensor target object on the substantially stationary frame, wherein the measurement system further includes a compensator configured to compensate movements and/or deformations of the sensor target object with respect to the substantially stationary frame. The compensator may include a passive or an active damper and/or a feedback position controller. In an alternative embodiment, the compensator includes a gripping device which fixes the position of the sensor target object during a high accuracy movement of the movable object.

Abstract: A lithography apparatus includes a projection system configured to project a radiation beam onto a substrate, a detector configured to inspect the substrate, and a substrate table configured to support the substrate and move the substrate relative to the projection system and the detector. The detector is arranged to inspect a portion of the substrate while the substrate is moved and before the portion is exposed to the radiation beam.

Abstract: An encoder-type measurement system is configured to measure a position dependent signal of a movable object. The measurement system includes a light source and a sensor. The light source and the sensor are mounted on one of the movable object or a substantially stationary frame. The measurement system also includes a reference object that includes a grating or grid mounted on the other of the movable object or the substantially stationary frame. The light source is configured to emit a light beam towards the reference object. The sensor is configured to detect light of the light source reflected by the reference object. The measurement system also includes an error detector capable of detecting errors in or on the grating or grid of the sensor target object during a continuous production process.

Abstract: A lithographic apparatus is provided. The lithographic apparatus includes a radiation source configured to provide radiation, an array of optical light engines, and a substrate table that supports a substrate. Each of the optical light engines includes an array of individually controllable elements arranged and constructed to receive and to pattern the radiation and projection optics configured to receive the patterned radiation and to project the patterned radiation onto the substrate. The substrate table is arranged and constructed to move relative to the array of optical light engines during exposure of the substrate to the patterned radiation.

Abstract: A lithographic apparatus is provided. The lithographic apparatus includes a radiation source configured to provide radiation, an array of optical light engines, and a substrate table that supports a substrate. Each of the optical light engines includes an array of individually controllable elements arranged and constructed to receive and to pattern the radiation and projection optics configured to receive the patterned radiation and to project the patterned radiation onto the substrate. The substrate table is arranged and constructed to move relative to the array of optical light engines during exposure of the substrate to the patterned radiation.