Abstract: An optical fiber includes: a core; a depressed layer surrounding the core; and a cladding surrounding the depressed layer. A refractive index profile of the core is an ?-th power distribution having an index ? of 1.0 or more and 2.9 or less. A relative refractive index difference ?? of the depressed layer with respect to the cladding has an absolute value |??| that is 0.05% or more and 0.15% or less. A ratio r1/r2 of a radius r1 of the core to an outer radius r2 of the depressed layer is 0.35 or more and 0.60 or less. A cable cutoff wavelength ?cc of 22 m is less than 1.26 ?m. A mode field diameter at a wavelength of 1.31 inn is larger than 8.6 inn and smaller than 9.5 ?m.

Abstract: A measurement method for measuring an effective refractive index difference between two propagation modes of a multimode fiber is provided. The method includes: measuring a first Brillouin frequency shift ?1 by specifying a frequency having a lowest-frequency peak out of peaks in a first frequency spectrum of scattered light in a first propagation mode; measuring a second Brillouin frequency shift ?2 by specifying a frequency having a lowest-frequency peak out of peaks in a second frequency spectrum of scattered light in a second propagation mode; and calculating an effective refractive index difference ?neff in accordance with ?neff=(?1??2)/(2kVL) with use of the first Brillouin frequency shift ?1, the second Brillouin frequency shift ?2, a predetermined wave number k of light in a vacuum, and a predetermined constant VL.

Abstract: An emulsion composition has excellent emulsion stability. The emulsion composition has excellent emulsion stability contains water, an oily component, gum ghatti, and saponin, in which a content of the saponin is 0.05 to 30 parts by mass based on 100 parts by mass of the gum ghatti.

Abstract: An optical fiber includes: a core; a cladding layer that is lower in refractive index than the core; and a depressed layer that lies between the core and the cladding layer and that is lower in refractive index than the cladding layer, wherein: the optical fiber has an effective core area Aeff that is equal to or greater than 100 ?m2 and equal to or less than 129 ?m2, the core has a radius r1 that is equal to or greater than 5.2 ?m and equal to or less than 7.4 ?m, the core has a refractive index volume Vcore that is equal to or greater than 8.5% ?m2 and equal to or less than 16.5% ?m2, the depressed layer has a refractive index volume Vdep that is equal to or greater than ?40% ?m2 and less than 0% ?m2.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an excellent emulsifier. This object is achieved by a low-molecular gum ghatti having a weight average molecular weight within the range of 0.020×106 to 1.10×106.

Abstract: An optical fiber includes a core, a depressed layer surrounding the core, and a cladding surrounding the depressed layer, where a refractive index profile of the core is an ? power distribution in which an index ? is 3 or more and 6 or less, a relative refractive index difference ?? of the depressed layer with respect to the adding is set such that an absolute value |??| thereof is 0.01% or more and 0.05% or less, a radius r1 of the core and an outer circumference radius r2 of the depressed layer are set such that a ratio r1/r2 thereof is 0.2 or more and 0.5 or less, a cable cutoff wavelength ?cc of 22 m is 1260 nm or less, and a mode field diameter MFD at a wavelength of 1310 nm is 8.6 ?m or more and 9.5 ?m or less.

Abstract: An optical fiber includes a core, a depressed inner cladding surrounding the core, and an outer cladding surrounding the inner cladding, where a refractive index profile of the core includes an ? power distribution in which an index ? is 3.5 or more and 6 or less, a relative refractive index difference ?? of the inner cladding with respect to the adding is set such that an absolute value |??| thereof is 0.01% or more and 0.045% or less, a radius r1 of the core and an outer circumference radius r2 of the inner cladding are set such that a ratio r1/r2 thereof is 0.2 or more and 0.6 or less, a cable cutoff wavelength ?cc of 22 m is 1260 nm or less, and a mode field diameter MFD at a wavelength of 1310 nm is 8.6 ?m or more and 9.5 ?m or less.

Abstract: A scaffold material for cell culturing using a nucleic acid aptamer that can be chemically synthesized, containing no animal-derived components, and having high biocompatibility is provided. A cell scaffold material containing an E-cadherin binding nucleic acid aptamer.

Abstract: A measurement method for measuring an effective refractive index difference between two propagation modes of a multimode fiber is provided. The method includes: measuring a first Brillouin frequency shift v1 by specifying a frequency having a lowest-frequency peak out of peaks in a first frequency spectrum of scattered light in a first propagation mode; measuring a second Brillouin frequency shift v2 by specifying a frequency having a lowest-frequency peak out of peaks in a second frequency spectrum of scattered light in a second propagation mode; and calculating an effective refractive index difference ?neff in accordance with ?neff=(v1?v2)/(2kVL) with use of the first Brillouin frequency shift v1, the second Brillouin frequency shift v2, a predetermined wave number k of light in a vacuum, and a predetermined constant VL.

Abstract: A cooler for cooling a semiconductor module to be secured to a base, the cooler including: a cooler body that includes a refrigerant flow path surrounded by a first wall part having a first through-hole, a second wall part that is arranged facing the first wall part and that includes a connection region which is to be connected to the base at a position opposing the first through-hole, and a side wall part for connecting the periphery of the first wall part and the periphery of the second wall part; and a lid for closing off the first through-hole.

Abstract: An optical fiber includes: a core; a cladding layer that is lower in refractive index than the core; and a depressed layer that lies between the core and the cladding layer and that is lower in refractive index than the cladding layer, wherein: the optical fiber has an effective core area Aeff that is equal to or greater than 100 ?m2 and equal to or less than 129 ?m2, the core has a radius r1 that is equal to or greater than 5.2 ?m and equal to or less than 7.4 ?m, the core has a refractive index volume Vcore that is equal to or greater than 8.5% ?m2 and equal to or less than 16.5% ?m2, the depressed layer has a refractive index volume Vdep that is equal to or greater than ?40% ?m2 and less than 0% ?m2.

Abstract: An optical fiber includes a core, a depressed inner cladding surrounding the core, and an outer cladding surrounding the inner cladding, where a refractive index profile of the core includes an ? power distribution in which an index ? is 3.5 or more and 6 or less, a relative refractive index difference ?? of the inner cladding with respect to the adding is set such that an absolute value |??| thereof is 0.01% or more and 0.045% or less, a radius r1 of the core and an outer circumference radius r2 of the inner cladding are set such that a ratio r1/r2 thereof is 0.2 or more and 0.6 or less, a cable cutoff wavelength ?cc of 22 m is 1260 nm or less, and a mode field diameter MFD at a wavelength of 1310 nm is 8.6 ?m or more and 9.5 ?m or less.

Abstract: An optical fiber includes a core, a depressed layer surrounding the core, and a cladding surrounding the depressed layer, where a refractive index profile of the core is an ? power distribution in which an index ? is 3 or more and 6 or less, a relative refractive index difference ?? of the depressed layer with respect to the adding is set such that an absolute value |??| thereof is 0.01% or more and 0.05% or less, a radius r1 of the core and an outer circumference radius r2 of the depressed layer are set such that a ratio r1/r2 thereof is 0.2 or more and 0.5 or less, a cable cutoff wavelength ?cc of 22 m is 1260 nm or less, and a mode field diameter MFD at a wavelength of 1310 nm is 8.6 ?m or more and 9.5 ?m or less.

Abstract: An optical fiber includes: a core; and a clad which is formed so as to surround an outer circumference of the core concentrically with the core, the clad having at least an inner cladding layer adjacent to the outer circumference of the core and an outer cladding layer formed on an outer circumference of the inner cladding layer, wherein a refractive index of the outer cladding layer is ?3, and an outer circumference radius of the outer cladding layer is r3, a relationship of ?1max>?3>?2min is satisfied, a relationship of ?3??2min?0.08% is satisfied, a relationship of r1<r2<r3 is satisfied, a relationship of 0.35?r1/r2?0.55 is satisfied, a cable cut-off wavelength is less than or equal to 1260 nm, and an MFD at a wavelength of 1310 nm is 8.6 ?m to 9.2 ?m.

Abstract: An optical fiber includes: a core; and a clad which is formed so as to surround an outer circumference of the core concentrically with the core, the clad having at least an inner cladding layer adjacent to the outer circumference of the core and an outer cladding layer formed on an outer circumference of the inner cladding layer, wherein a refractive index of the outer cladding layer is ?3, and an outer circumference radius of the outer cladding layer is r3, a relationship of ?1max>?3>?2min is satisfied, a relationship of ?3??2min?0.08% is satisfied, a relationship of r1<r2<r3 is satisfied, a relationship of 0.35?r1/r2?0.55 is satisfied, a cable cut-off wavelength is less than or equal to 1260 nm, and an MFD at a wavelength of 1310 nm is 8.6 ?m to 9.2 ?m.

Abstract: An optical fiber including a core and a cladding including an inner cladding layer and an outer cladding layer is provided. The refractive index of the core ?1, the refractive index of the inner cladding layer ?2, and the refractive index of the outer cladding layer ?3 have a relationship denoted by the following expressions: ?1max>?2min and ?1max>?3, and 0.01%<|?2min??3|<0.03%. An outer circumference radius r1 of the core, an outer circumferential radius r2 of the inner cladding layer, and an outer circumferential radius r3 of the outer cladding layer have a relationship denoted by the following expressions: r1<r2<r3, and 0.2?r1/r2?0.5. A cable cut-off wavelength ?cc 1260 nm or less. A mode field diameter at a wavelength of 1310 nm is 8.6 ?m or more and 9.5 ?m or less.

Abstract: An optical fiber including a core and a cladding including an inner cladding layer and an outer cladding layer is provided. The refractive index of the core ?1, the refractive index of the inner cladding layer ?2, and the refractive index of the outer cladding layer ?3 have a relationship denoted by the following expressions: ?1max>?2min and ?1max>?3, and 0.01%<|?2min??3|<0.03%. An outer circumference radius r1 of the core, an outer circumferential radius r2 of the inner cladding layer, and an outer circumferential radius r3 of the outer cladding layer have a relationship denoted by the following expressions: r1<r2<r3, and 0.2?r1/r2?0.5. A cable cut-off wavelength ?cc 1260 nm or less. A mode field diameter at a wavelength of 1310 nm is 8.6 ?m or more and 9.5 ?m or less.

Abstract: An optical fiber which allows propagation of two or more modes, and in a case where a mode coupling coefficient between at least two modes among the two or more modes is h [1/km], the length of the optical fiber is z [km], and the amount XT of coupling between the two modes is represented by XT=10·log10(zh) [dB], the amount XT of coupling satisfies Expression (A) described below.

Abstract: Optical fibers Fp, Fn, included in a light transmission path, are two-mode optical fibers for propagating an LP01 mode component and an LP11 mode component contained in signal light, and a gradient d??/d? of a mode dispersion ?? with respect to a wavelength ? in a wavelength band of 1530 nm to 1625 nm is |0.5| ps/km/nm or less. Symbols of mode dispersions ?? of the optical fibers Fp, Fn are opposite to each other. The light transmission path can satisfactorily compensate the mode dispersion in a wide wavelength band.