Abstract: A cooler for cooling a semiconductor module to be secured to a base, the cooler including: a cooler body that includes a refrigerant flow path surrounded by a first wall part having a first through-hole, a second wall part that is arranged facing the first wall part and that includes a connection region which is to be connected to the base at a position opposing the first through-hole, and a side wall part for connecting the periphery of the first wall part and the periphery of the second wall part; and a lid for closing off the first through-hole.

Abstract: An optical fiber, including (i) an inner core having an ?-power refractive index profile, (ii) an outer core having a refractive index of n1?, and (iii) a cladding having a refractive index of n2 (n1?<n2<n1), is configured such that a depth of a trench, defined by n2?n1?, is sufficiently increased.

Abstract: An optical fiber (1) includes (i) an inner core (111) whose refractive index distribution has an ? profile, (ii) an outer core (112) which surrounds the inner core (111), and (iii) a clad (12) which surrounds the outer core (112). In the optical fiber (1), Rd is set to not less than 0.15, where Rd is a ratio of a refractive index difference between the outer core (112) and the clad (12) to a refractive index difference between a center part of the inner core (111) and the clad (12).

Abstract: Optical fibers Fp, Fn, included in a light transmission path, are two-mode optical fibers for propagating an LP01 mode component and an LP11 mode component contained in signal light, and a gradient d??/d? of a mode dispersion ?? with respect to a wavelength ? in a wavelength band of 1530 nm to 1625 nm is |0.5| ps/km/nm or less. Symbols of mode dispersions ?? of the optical fibers Fp, Fn are opposite to each other. The light transmission path can satisfactorily compensate the mode dispersion in a wide wavelength band.

Abstract: A communication system includes a plurality of communication devices forming a ring network and a monitoring device. Each of the plurality of communication devices appends, to a frame that the communication device relays, an ID tag indicating the number of communication devices relaying that frame in the ring network. The monitoring device refers to frames received by a predetermined communication device and having the ID appended thereto, and tallies an amount of data for frames for each number of relaying communication devices.

Abstract: A communication apparatus of the embodiment is provided with a first IF card that performs a relay process of a data frame in a first direction of a ring network, a second IF card that performs a relay process of a data frame in a second direction of the ring network, a communication-status determination unit that monitors the communication status from the first IF card to the second IF card, a block control unit that sets a new block point to either the first IF card or the second IF card when the communication status is abnormal, and a ring protocol processor that notifies other communication apparatuses that constitute the ring network of information for notifying the switching of a block point in the ring network, which indicates that the new block point has been set.

Abstract: An optical fiber, including (i) an inner core having an ?-power refractive index profile, (ii) an outer core having a refractive index of n1?, and (iii) a cladding having a refractive index of n2 (n1?<n2<n1), is configured such that a depth of a trench, defined by n2?n1?, is sufficiently increased.

Abstract: An optical fiber (1) includes (i) an inner core (111) whose refractive index distribution has an a profile, (ii) an outer core (112) which surrounds the inner core (111), and (iii) a clad (12) which surrounds the outer core (112). In the optical fiber (1), Rd is set to not less than 0.15, where Rd is a ratio of a refractive index difference between the outer core (112) and the clad (12) to a refractive index difference between a center part of the inner core (111) and the clad (12).

Abstract: A method for heating and pasteurizing a material, comprising placing the material inside of a semi-sealed chamber at atmospheric pressure that contains an atmosphere produced by replacing air in the chamber with a gas component produced by spraying or injecting hot water droplets and steam at a temperature of at least 100° C. into the chamber which is heated to a temperature of at least 100° C. which is equal to or higher than the temperature of the sprayed hot water droplets and steam, which gas component has a humidity of at least 95% and contains no more than 1% oxygen; contacting said material to the gas component for exposing it to continual temperature variation during heating ranging from 10-50° C. inside the chamber at temperature(s) ranging from 90-180° C. for a time sufficient to heat or pasteurize it. An apparatus for performing this method.

Abstract: A communication apparatus of the embodiment is provided with a first IF card that performs a relay process of a data frame in a first direction of a ring network, a second IF card that performs a relay process of a data frame in a second direction of the ring network, a communication-status determination unit that monitors the communication status from the first IF card to the second IF card, a block control unit that sets a new block point to either the first IF card or the second IF card when the communication status is abnormal, and a ring protocol processor that notifies other communication apparatuses that constitute the ring network of information for notifying the switching of a block point in the ring network, which indicates that the new block point has been set.

Abstract: A switching apparatus for use in a network includes a packet reception processing unit which generates a reply packet as a response to a request packet having a virtual local area network tag and transmitted for a ping test via a network to the switching apparatus, and sets the same priority class in a virtual local area network tag of the reply packet as that in the virtual local area network tag of the request packet, wherein the switching apparatus performs priority control on the reply packet based on the priority class in the virtual local area network tag of the reply packet.

Abstract: In order to rapidly restoration at a time of fault occurrence without lowering usage efficiency of circuit resources, in a configuration in which a plurality of physical circuits are grouped and communication is carried out with transmission data being distributed, a circuit having the minimum traffic from among the grouped circuits is set as a standby circuit, and, a traffic in a fault circuit is transferred to the standby circuit in a lump when a fault occurs in another working circuit.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of heating and pasteurizing in use of gaseous water and an apparatus therefor, and the present invention relates to a method of heating and pasteurizing a material to be treated, comprising the steps of: continuously injecting hot water heated to at least 100° C. and/or steam into a heating chamber comprising a semi-sealed space and heated to at least the same temperature as the hot water and/or steam, to form water microdroplets and moist hot steam; replacing the air within the heating chamber with the water microdroplets and moist hot steam to effect filling with a gas component that has a composition of at least 95% humidity and an oxygen concentration not greater than 1% and that is maintained in the temperature range of 90 to 180° C.; and carrying out a heating and pasteurizing treatment by effecting, with the water microdroplets and the moist hot steam, continuous amplitude heating at a temperature difference of at least 10° C.

Abstract: A switching apparatus for use in a network includes a packet reception processing unit which generates a reply packet as a response to a request packet having a virtual local area network tag and transmitted for a ping test via a network to the switching apparatus, and sets the same priority class in a virtual local area network tag of the reply packet as that in the virtual local area network tag of the request packet, wherein the switching apparatus performs priority control on the reply packet based on the priority class in the virtual local area network tag of the reply packet.

Abstract: The present invention provides a treating method having a good continuity of the reform effects of the hair, and which is also excellent in safety. In the method, a hair inside repair agent including at least water and a component to repair an inside of the hair is applied as a step (A). A nonaqueous pretreatment agent including at least a methyl hydrogenpolysiloxane, a polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene alkylether, and an acid is applied to the hair as step (B). A hair coating agent including at least an amino functional silicone is applied to the hair as step (C).

Abstract: A frame transfer method transfers frames in a service provider network that couples to a user network in a broadband network in which a plurality of user networks are coupled via the service provider network. The method receives a user frame that is input from a user network by a first edge switch within the service provider network that is coupled to the user network, and adds header information to the user frame in the first edge switch and outputs the frame that is added with the header information from the first edge switch to a core switch within the service provider network.

Abstract: In order to rapidly restoration at a time of fault occurrence without lowering usage efficiency of circuit resources, in a configuration in which a plurality of physical circuits are grouped and communication is carried out with transmission data being distributed, a circuit having the minimum traffic from among the grouped circuits is set as a standby circuit, and, a traffic in a fault circuit is transferred to the standby circuit in a lump when a fault occurs in another working circuit.