Abstract: A method for manufacturing a novel display apparatus is provided. The method includes a first step of forming a first electrode, a second electrode, and a first gap over an insulating film, a second step of forming a first film over the second electrode; a third step of forming a first layer overlapping with the first electrode, a fourth step of removing the first film by an etching method to form a first unit overlapping with the first electrode, a fifth step of removing a surface of the second electrode, a sixth step of forming a second film over the first layer and the second electrode, a seventh step of forming a second layer overlapping with the second electrode, and an eighth step of removing the second film by an etching method using the second layer to form a second unit overlapping with the second electrode and a second gap.

Abstract: A highly heat-resistant organic compound with favorable hole-transport properties is provided. The organic compound is represented by General Formula (G1). In General Formula (G1), X represents a sulfur atom or an oxygen atom, and R21 to R25 and R27 to R30 each independently represent any one of hydrogen, halogen, a nitrile group, an alkenyl group, a vinyl group, an alkynyl group, an ethynyl group, a straight-chain alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkylsilyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and a heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms. Ar1 represents an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms or a heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms. Ar2 is represented by General Formula (G1-1).

Abstract: A light-emitting device with high heat resistance in a manufacturing process is to be provided.

Abstract: An optical device with favorable characteristics is provided. An optical device with low driving voltage is provided. An optical device with low power consumption is provided. The optical device includes a first electrode, a second electrode, an active layer, and a carrier-transport layer. The active layer is positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode. The active layer contains a first organic compound and a second organic compound, the first organic compound is represented by General Formula (G1), and the second organic compound is represented by General Formula (G2-1). The carrier-transport layer is positioned between the second electrode and the active layer and the thickness of the carrier-transport layer is greater than or equal to 10 nm and less than or equal to 300 nm.

Abstract: A light-emitting device with high heat resistance in a manufacturing process is to be provided.

Abstract: A novel mixed material with improved resistance is provided. The mixed material includes a first heteroaromatic compound and a second heteroaromatic compound, and the first heteroaromatic compound is represented by any one of General Formulae (G1) to (G6). The second heteroaromatic compound is not represented by the same general formula as that of the first heteroaromatic compound.

Abstract: A light-emitting device, an electronic device, or a lighting device with low power consumption and high reliability is provided. The light-emitting device includes a first light-emitting element, a second light-emitting element, a third light-emitting element, and a fourth light-emitting element. The first to fourth light-emitting elements include the same EL layer between an anode and a cathode. The EL layer includes a first light-emitting layer and a second light-emitting layer. The first light-emitting layer contains a fluorescent substance. The peak wavelength of an emission spectrum of the fluorescent substance in a toluene solution of the fluorescent substance is 440 nm to 460 nm, preferably 440 nm to 455 nm. The second light-emitting layer contains a phosphorescent substance. The first light-emitting element exhibits blue emission. The second light-emitting element exhibits green emission. The third light-emitting element exhibits red emission.

Abstract: A novel method for forming a metal oxide is provided. The metal oxide is formed using a precursor with a high decomposition temperature while a substrate is heated to higher than or equal to 300° C. and lower than or equal to 500° C. In the formation, plasma treatment, microwave treatment, or heat treatment is preferably performed as impurity removal treatment in an atmosphere containing oxygen. The impurity removal treatment may be performed while irradiation with ultraviolet light is performed. The metal oxide is formed by alternate repetition of precursor introduction and oxidizer introduction. For example, the impurity removal treatment is preferably performed every time the precursor introduction is performed more than or equal to 5 times and less than or equal to 10 times.

Abstract: A novel organic compound that is highly convenient, useful, or reliable is provided. The organic compound is represented by General Formula (G1). Note that R1 to R4 each independently represent hydrogen (including deuterium), a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms; Ar1 is represented by General Formula (g1-1) below; Ar2 represents a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 10 to 30 carbon atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms; Ar3 is represented by General Formula (g1-2) below; ? represents a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms; and n represents an integer of 0 to 4.

Abstract: An electron-injection organic compound with low solubility in water is provided. An organic compound represented by General Formula (G1) is provided. In the organic compound, Ar represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms forming a ring or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic hydrocarbon group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms forming a ring, each of R1 and R2 independently represents hydrogen (including deuterium), an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 13 carbon atoms forming a ring, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 13 carbon atoms forming a ring, n represents an integer greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 6, and L is the group represented by General Formula (L-1).

Abstract: A novel organic compound is provided. The organic compound is represented by General Formula (G1).

Abstract: An increase in voltage of a light-emitting device manufactured through a step of forming an aluminum oxide film in contact with an organic compound layer is inhibited. An organic compound film is formed over a first electrode. An organic mask film containing an organic compound which has low solubility to water or a chemical solution including water as a solvent is formed over the organic compound film. An inorganic mask layer is formed over the organic mask film. Shapes of the organic mask film and the organic compound film are processed with the use of the inorganic mask layer, whereby an organic mask layer and an organic compound layer are formed. At least parts of the inorganic mask layer and the organic mask layer are removed with the use of water or a liquid including water as a solvent.

Abstract: A photoelectric conversion device in which an increase in driving voltage is inhibited is provided. The photoelectric conversion device includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and an organic compound layer; the organic compound layer is positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode; the organic compound layer includes a first layer; a structure body including projections is included between the first layer and the second electrode; and the structure body contains a first organic compound.

Abstract: An organic semiconductor device that can achieve high resolution and favorable reliability is provided. The organic semiconductor device is one of a plurality of light-emitting devices formed over an insulating layer, which includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and an organic compound layer. The organic compound layer is positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode. The organic compound layer includes a layer containing a first compound. When differential scanning calorimetry is performed on the first compound in such a manner that a cooling step is performed from the state in which the first compound is melted in a first heating step and a second heating step is successively performed, an exothermic peak is not observed in the cooling step and an exothermic peak and a melting point peak are not observed in the second heating step.

Abstract: A novel organic compound having an emission spectrum peak at a wavelength longer than 850 nm and an absorption spectrum peak at a wavelength longer than 600 nm is provided. The organic compound is represented by General Formula (G1). In General Formula (G1), Ar1 to Ar4 each independently represent an aryl group having 6 to 13 carbon atoms in a ring. R1 to R8 each independently represent anyone of hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 13 carbon atoms in a ring, and a heteroaryl group having 3 to 13 carbon atoms in a ring. Q1 and Q2 each independently represent a group having a carbazole skeleton or a group having a triarylamine skeleton and having 18 to 30 carbon atoms in a ring. Furthermore, m and n each independently represent 0 or 1.

Abstract: A novel organic compound that is highly convenient, useful, or reliable is provided. An organic compound represented by General Formula (G1) is provided. In General Formula (G1), D1 represents a thiophene-diyl group, a furan-diyl group, a thiophene-containing heteroarylene group, or a furan-containing heteroarylene group; Ar1 and Ar2 each independently represent a heteroarylene group or an arylene group; A1 and A2 each independently represent hydrogen, deuterium, a nitro group, an alkyl group, a halogen, an alkyl halide group, a cyano group, an alkoxy group, a vinyl group, or a formyl group; n1 represents an integer of 1 or more; and m1 and k1 each independently represent an integer of 0 to 3.

Abstract: An organic compound with a long lifetime and high emission efficiency is provided. An organic compound represented by General Formula (G1) is provided. In the formula, any one of X1 to X4 represents N, another one represents C, and the others represent C or N. Any one of C is bonded to a group represented by General Formula (r1), and the others are bonded to hydrogen (H), an alkyl (R) group, a cycloalkyl (Cy) group, an aryl (Ar) group, or a heteroaryl (Het) group. Ar1 represents an aromatic hydrocarbon, and is fused to an adjacent ring at a given site. When Ar1 represents a benzene ring, the benzene ring includes an Ar group or a Het group. Q and Z represent O or S. Any of R31 to R34 represents a bond to any one of X1 to X4, and the others represent H, an R group, a Cy group, an Ar group, or a Het group. Any one of R35 to R38 represents a polycyclic ring aromatic hydrocarbon group or a Het group, and the others represent H, an R group, a Cy group, an Ar group, or a Het group.

Abstract: A plurality of light-emitting elements having a structure in which an organic compound layer as a whole is processed with a photolithography technique is provided. A light-emitting element is formed over an insulating layer and includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and an organic compound layer. The organic compound layer is positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode. The organic compound layer includes a light-emitting layer and an electron-injection layer. The electron-injection layer is in contact with the second electrode, and the electron-injection layer includes an organic compound having a basic skeleton and an acid dissociation constant pKa of 1 or more. Layers included in the organic compound layer have substantially the same contour, and the organic compound layer is separated from organic compound layers of the other light-emitting elements of the plurality of light-emitting elements.

Abstract: To inhibit an increase in voltage of an organic semiconductor device manufactured by a method including a step of forming an aluminum oxide film over and in contact with an organic semiconductor layer. An organic semiconductor device including a first electrode, a second electrode, an organic semiconductor layer, and a buffer layer is provided. The organic semiconductor layer is positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode. The buffer layer is positioned between the organic semiconductor layer and the second electrode. A side surface of the organic semiconductor layer and a side surface of the buffer layer are substantially aligned.

Abstract: To provide a light-emitting element in which an organic compound layer can be processed at once by a photolithography technique. A first electrode and an organic compound layer including an electron-injection layer are formed over an insulating surface. The electron-injection layer is the outermost layer of the organic compound layer and contains an organic compound having a basic skeleton and an acid dissociation constant pKa of greater than or equal to 1. A sacrificial layer and a mask are formed over the electron-injection layer and the sacrificial layer is processed into an island shape using the mask. With use of the island-shaped sacrificial layer as a mask, the organic compound layer is processed into an island shape to cover the first electrode. Part of the island-shaped sacrificial layer is removed with an acidic chemical solution to expose the electron-injection layer. A second electrode is formed to cover the electron-injection layer.