Abstract: A test handler and a test method of a semiconductor device using the same includes a plurality of chambers to provide a sealed inner space accommodating a first tray on which semiconductor devices are mounted, a test module electrically connected to the semiconductor devices in the chambers to perform a test process of the semiconductor devices, and a sort part to load and unload the first tray in the chambers and to sort semiconductor devices determined to be failed in the test process. The plurality of chambers have a fluid path circulating a coolant or a heat medium in the walls so that a temperature of the plurality of chambers is rapidly changed at the test process of the semiconductor devices between a first temperature that is less than room temperature and a second temperature that is greater than room temperature.

Abstract: A method of separating a device substrate from a carrier substrate on which said device substrate is disposed. A static electricity removal member is provided between the device substrate and the carrier substrate. The device substrate is separated from the carrier substrate. According to the above, since static electricity accumulating between the device substrate and the carrier substrate is removed by the static electricity removal member, the carrier substrate and the device substrate may be easily separated from each other. Thus, damage to the device due to static electricity when the carrier substrate and the device substrate are separated from each other may be prevented.

Abstract: A substrate peeling apparatus includes a support member and absorption pads. The support member, having a quadrangular shape, includes first and second vertexes diagonally facing each other in a first direction, and third and fourth vertexes diagonally facing each other in a second direction crossing the first direction. The absorption pads is disposed on the support member. The absorption pads are arranged in rows in a direction parallel to the first direction and at least one absorption pad of each row is arranged in a direction parallel to the second direction. An absorption pad of each row includes a hole having an increasing internal diameter as a distance in the first direction between the each row and the first vertex increases. An internal diameter of an absorption pad in a row positioned halfway between the first and second vertexes has a maximum internal diameter.

Abstract: An electrophoretic display apparatus includes an array substrate, an opposite substrate facing the array substrate, and an electrophoretic layer disposed between the array substrate and the opposite substrate. The electrophoretic layer includes a non-polar solvent and a plurality of polar particles dispersed in the non-polar solvent. At least one of the array substrate or the opposite substrate includes a plurality of electric field forming electrodes respectively.

Abstract: A transflective display apparatus includes a first electrode and a second electrode, which face each other and are separated from one another by a pixel electrode. In addition, a preparation voltage is applied to the first electrode or the second electrode before applying a driving voltage to the pixel electrode.

Abstract: An electro-wetting display apparatus includes a first base substrate, a plurality of first electrodes on the first base substrate, an insulating layer which overlaps the first electrodes, a pixel wall on the insulating layer, where the pixel wall partitions a plurality of pixels respectively corresponding to the plurality of first electrodes, a second base substrate which face the first base substrate, a second electrode on the second base substrate and including a plurality of openings, and a fluid between the first base substrate and the second base substrate and in the plurality of pixels. The movement of the fluid in the plurality of pixels is controlled by voltages respectively applied to the first electrodes and the second electrode.

Abstract: Provided herein composition and methods for nanoporous membranes comprising single walled, double walled, or multi-walled carbon nanotubes embedded in a matrix material. Average pore size of the carbon nanotube can be 6 nm or less. These membranes are a robust platform for the study of confined molecular transport, with applications in liquid and gas separations and chemical sensing including desalination, dialysis, and fabric formation.

Abstract: An electrowetting display apparatus includes a first base substrate, a second base substrate which faces the first base substrate, a first electrode on the first base substrate, and a second electrode on the second base substrate, where the second electrode faces the first electrode. A barrier wall is on the first electrode, where the barrier wall defines a storage area. A surface of the first electrode and the barrier wall is overlapped by a barrier layer. In addition, a water-repellent layer is on the barrier layer which is in the storage area. First and second fluids are in the storage area, the first fluid is separate from the second fluid, and the first fluid or the second fluid has a polarity.

Abstract: A test handler and a test method of a semiconductor device using the same includes a plurality of chambers to provide a sealed inner space accommodating a first tray on which semiconductor devices are mounted, a test module electrically connected to the semiconductor devices in the chambers to perform a test process of the semiconductor devices, and a sort part to load and unload the first tray in the chambers and to sort semiconductor devices determined to be failed in the test process. The plurality of chambers have a fluid path circulating a coolant or a heat medium in the walls so that a temperature of the plurality of chambers is rapidly changed at the test process of the semiconductor devices between a first temperature that is less than room temperature and a second temperature that is greater than room temperature.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a first base substrate, a second base substrate facing the first base substrate, a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, a non-transmissive layer on the first base substrate to absorb light, a plurality of color filter layers arranged on the non-transmissive layer and including a cholesteric liquid crystal to change a wavelength of light and reflect the light, an alignment layer arranged between the non-transmissive layer and the color filter layers to align the cholesteric liquid crystal, a first electrode on the color filter layers, and a second electrode on the second base substrate.

Abstract: An electrowetting display device includes a first base substrate, a partition wall which is on the first base substrate and partitions pixels, a second base substrate which faces the first base substrate, column spacers which are on the second base substrate and contact the partition wall, an electrowetting layer which is between the first and second base substrates and includes a first fluid and a second fluid immiscible with each other, and channels disposed in a boundary area between the pixels. The second fluid has electrical conductivity or electrical polarity. The boundary area is overlapped with the partition wall and the channels define a flow path of the second fluid. The column spacers are in the boundary area between the pixels except for a boundary area including the channels.

Abstract: A display panel includes a first substrate, a second substrate facing the first substrate, and a liquid crystal layer. The first substrate includes a plurality of pixels, each having at least one gray scale expression unit to express at least two gray scales. The liquid crystal layer is interposed between the first and second substrates and subject to a phase transition depending on a voltage generated in relation to the gray scale expression unit. The gray scale expression unit includes a data line, a gate line crossing the data line and insulated from the data line, a switching device connected to the data line and the gate line, a first pixel electrode connected to the switching device, at least one coupling capacitor connected to the first pixel electrode in parallel, and at least one second pixel electrode connected to the first pixel electrode in parallel through the coupling capacitor.

Abstract: An electrowetting display device includes a base substrate, a hydrophobic layer disposed on the base substrate and including at least about 49 atomic percent (at %) of fluorine atoms in a surface thereof, a wall disposed on the base substrate which partitions a pixel area, and an electrowetting layer that includes a first fluid and a second fluid, which are disposed in the pixel area and are immiscible with each other. The second fluid has an electrical conductivity or a polarity. The electrowetting display device further includes an electronic device is configured to apply an electric field to the electrowetting layer to control the electrowetting layer.

Abstract: An electro-wetting display apparatus includes a first base substrate, a plurality of first electrodes on the first base substrate, an insulating layer which overlaps the first electrodes, a pixel wall on the insulating layer, where the pixel wall partitions a plurality of pixels respectively corresponding to the plurality of first electrodes, a second base substrate which face the first base substrate, a second electrode on the second base substrate and including a plurality of openings, and a fluid between the first base substrate and the second base substrate and in the plurality of pixels. The movement of the fluid in the plurality of pixels is controlled by voltages respectively applied to the first electrodes and the second electrode.

Abstract: A display apparatus including a display panel, first and second polarizing films, and first and second stress relieving members. The first stress relieving member is interposed between the first polarizing film and the display panel to balance a restoring force from the first polarizing film, and the second stress relieving member is interposed between the second polarizing film and the display panel to relieve a restoring force from the second polarizing film.

Abstract: An electrophoretic display apparatus includes an array substrate, an opposite substrate facing the array substrate, and an electrophoretic layer disposed between the array substrate and the opposite substrate. The electrophoretic layer includes a non-polar solvent and a plurality of polar particles dispersed in the non-polar solvent. At least one of the array substrate or the opposite substrate includes a plurality of electric field forming electrodes respectively.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes an image data comparator which receives first, second and third color image data, extracts first, second and third image data from the first, second and third color image date by comparing gray scale values of the first, second and third color image date such that each of grayscale values of the second and third image data is greater than or equal to a gray scale value of the first image data, and compares the gray scale value of the first image data with a predetermined gray scale value, a driving circuit which generates a gray scale signal based on a result of the comparison and generates first and second color signals based on the first, second or third image data, and a pixel including a first sub-pixel which receives the gray scale signal, second and third sub-pixels which receive the first and second color signals, respectively.

Abstract: A transflective display apparatus includes a first electrode and a second electrode, which face each other and are separated from one another by a pixel electrode. In addition, a preparation voltage is applied to the first electrode or the second electrode before applying a driving voltage to the pixel electrode.

Abstract: Membranes for fluid separation are disclosed. These membranes have a matrix layer sandwiched between an active layer and a porous support layer. The matrix layer includes 1-D nanoparticles that are vertically aligned in a porous polymer matrix, and which substantially extend through the matrix layer. The active layer provides species-specific transport, while the support layer provides mechanical support. A matrix layer of this type has favorable surface morphology for forming the active layer. Furthermore, the pores that form in the matrix layer tend to be smaller and more evenly distributed as a result of the presence of aligned 1-D nanoparticles. Improved performance of separation membranes of this type is attributed to these effects.

Abstract: The rear suspension of a vehicle may include trailing arms connected by a torsion beam at both sides thereof, an in-wheel motor case attached to an outer lateral side of the trailing arm, a brake caliper fixed to the in-wheel motor case, a shock absorber having a lower end fixed to the in-wheel motor case, and a hub bearing fixed to an outer lateral side of the in-wheel motor case.