Abstract: A method of manufacturing an electromechanical transducer includes forming a first electrode on a substrate or a base film, forming a piezoelectric film made of lead zirconate titanate on the first electrode, forming a second electrode on the piezoelectric film, and polarizing the piezoelectric film. The polarizing includes applying to the second electrode a positive polarity voltage having a positive polarity relative to a potential of the first electrode, and satisfying a first expression of ?EcP?(?Ec)<0 and a second expression of |?EcP?(?Ec)|>0.15×EcPav, where ?Ec represents an initial coercive field of a negative polarity side of the electromechanical transducer, ?EcP represents a coercive field of the negative polarity side after the applying, EcP represents a coercive field of a positive polarity side after the applying, and EcPav represents an average of absolute values of the coercive field ?EcP and the coercive field EcP.

Abstract: A gas turbine combustor comprising a plurality of cooling air passages (27A) through which bled pressurized air flows from downstream of a combustion gas flow toward upstream, the plurality of cooling air passages (27A) being disposed in a wall portion (26) side by side and aligned in a flow direction of a combustion gas; wherein the plurality of cooling air passages (27A) are divided via a passage transition groove portion (33) into upstream cooling air passages (27A1) disposed closer to bled pressurized air inlet holes (30a) and downstream cooling air passages (27A2) disposed closer to bled pressurized air outlet holes (30b), and center lines (C1) of the upstream cooling air passages are non-collinear with center lines (C2) of the downstream cooling air passages.

Abstract: In a cooling structure for a recovery-type air-cooled gas turbine combustor having a recovery-type air-cooling structure that bleeds, upstream of the combustor, and pressurizes compressed air supplied from a compressor, that uses the bled and pressurized air to cool a wall, and that recovers and reuses the bled and pressurized air as combustion air for burning fuel in the combustor together with a main flow of the compressed air, wall cooling in which cooling air is supplied to cooling air passages formed in the wall of the combustor to perform cooling involves a downstream wall region, closer to a turbine, that is cooled using the bled and pressurized air as the cooling air and an upstream wall region, closer to a burner, that is cooled using, as the cooling air, bled compressed air bled from a main flow of the compressed air through a housing inner space.

Abstract: An electromechanical transducer element includes a first electrode, an electromechanical transducer film, and a second electrode. The electromechanical transducer film is a {100} preferentially oriented polycrystalline film. A sum of an orientation degree ?{111} of {111} plane and an orientation degree ?{100} of {100} plane is in a range of not less than 0.0002 and not greater than 0.25. At least two diffraction peaks of a plurality of diffraction peaks separated in diffraction peaks derived from {200} plane or {400} plane obtained by the ?-2? measurement of the electromechanical transducer film according to the X-ray diffraction method attribute to a tetragonal a-domain structure and a tetragonal c-domain structure, respectively. A value of Sc/(Sa+Sc) is not greater than 20%, where Sa represents an area of a diffraction peak attributing to the tetragonal a-domain structure and Sc represents an area of a diffraction peak attributing to the tetragonal c-domain structure.

Abstract: A liquid ejection head includes a plurality of structures arrayed in a predetermined direction, each structure including a nozzle to eject liquid, a pressure chamber in communication with the nozzle, and an ejection drive unit to increase pressure of the liquid in the pressure chamber. The ejection drive unit of each structure includes a diaphragm to form a wall of the pressure chamber, and an electromechanical transducer element including an electromechanical transducer film, the diaphragm being convex toward the pressure chamber. When an amount of curvature of the diaphragm for the pressure chamber of each structure is defined by a radius of curvature, an inclination difference of the radius of curvature with respect to the predetermined direction is equal to or less than 2500 ?m.

Abstract: A liquid ejection head includes structures arrayed in a predetermined direction, each structure including a nozzle to eject liquid, a pressure chamber in communication with the nozzle, and an ejection drive unit to increase pressure of the liquid in the pressure chamber. The ejection drive unit includes a diaphragm to form a wall of the pressure chamber, and an electromechanical transducer element including an electromechanical transducer film, the diaphragm being convex toward the pressure chamber. When an amount of curvature of the diaphragm for the pressure chamber is defined by a radius of curvature, a difference between minimum and maximum radii of curvature of the diaphragm for 20 channels of the pressure chambers is equal to or less than 1500 ?m, the 20 channels being counted from one of the pressure chambers at each of end portions of the structures in the predetermined direction.

Abstract: A droplet discharge head includes a nozzle, a substrate, a diaphragm, and an electromechanical transducer element. The nozzle discharges droplets. The substrate includes a pressurization chamber communicated with the nozzle. The diaphragm is disposed on the substrate. The electromechanical transducer element is disposed on the diaphragm. The electromechanical transducer element includes an electromechanical transducer film, a lower electrode, and an upper electrode. The electromechanical transducer film includes a piezoelectric material. The lower electrode is disposed below the electromechanical transducer film, to apply voltage to the electromechanical transducer film. The upper electrode is disposed above the electromechanical transducer film, to apply voltage to the electromechanical transducer film. The diaphragm includes an SiO2 film, an SiN film, and a Poly-Si film laminated one on another. The diaphragm has, in a direction of lamination, a thickness of not less than 1 ?m and not greater than 3 ?m.

Abstract: A gas turbine equipped with a compressor, a combustion chamber and a turbine is further equipped with: a pressurizing device for taking a portion of the compressed air compressed by the compressor, and pressurizing the compressed air; a combustion chamber cooling line for cooling the combustion chamber using the pressurized compressed air; a temperature regulating line for regulating the temperature of a stationary member of a blade ring or the like of a turbine by using the pressurized compressed air; a combustion chamber supply line through which the compressed air flows from the pressurizing device to the combustion chamber cooling line; a turbine supply line through which the compressed air flows from the pressurizing device to the temperature regulating line; a heater for heating the compressed air, provided in the turbine supply line; and a control device capable of controlling the heater.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of an electromechanical transducing device includes forming a vibration plate on a substrate; forming a first electrode made of a metal on the vibration plate; forming a second electrode made of an electrically conductive oxide on the first electrode; coating a surface modification material and carrying out surface modification of only the first electrode; forming an electromechanical transducing film on the second electrode; and forming a third electrode made of an electrically conductive oxide on the electromechanical transducing film.

Abstract: An electromechanical conversion element includes a lower electrode formed directly or indirectly on a substrate or a base film; an electromechanical conversion film formed on the lower electrode and including a piezoelectric body having a perovskite crystal structure preferentially oriented with a {n00} plane where n is a positive integer; and an upper electrode formed on the electromechanical conversion film. A diffraction peak at a position 2? at which a diffraction intensity has a maximum value and which corresponds to a (X00) plane or a (00X) plane, X being 1 or 2, obtained by ?-2? measurement in X-ray diffraction measurement, shows a trapezoidal peak shape and has two or more bending points.

Abstract: An electromechanical transducer element includes a lower electrode, an electromechanical transducer film of a piezoelectric material, and an upper electrode which are laminated. A diffraction intensity peak profile of the film obtained by measurement in which a tilt angle is changed in a position where diffraction intensity of a peak profile corresponding to a {200} plane among peak profiles of the film obtained by measurement according to an X-ray diffraction ?-2? method is the maximum can be separated into three peak profiles. When peak intensities of the peak profiles are set to peak1, peak2, and peak3 and half-value widths of the peak profiles are set to ?1, ?2, and ?3, a weighted average FWHMstd(?) of the peak intensities using the half-value widths as weights (=(?1×peak1+?2×peak2+?3×peak3)/(peak1+peak2+peak3)) is equal to or less than 12°.

Abstract: An electromechanical conversion element includes a lower electrode formed directly or indirectly on a substrate or a base film; an electromechanical conversion film formed on the lower electrode and including a piezoelectric body having a perovskite crystal structure preferentially oriented with a {n00} plane where n is a positive integer; and an upper electrode formed on the electromechanical conversion film. A diffraction peak at a position 2? at which a diffraction intensity has a maximum value and which corresponds to a (X00) plane or a (00X) plane, X being 1 or 2, obtained by ?-2? measurement in X-ray diffraction measurement, shows a trapezoidal peak shape and has two or more bending points.

Abstract: Provided is a gas turbine capable of achieving high-speed startup of the gas turbine through quick operation control of an ACC system during startup of the gas turbine, improving the cooling efficiency of turbine stationary components, and quickly carrying out an operation required for cat back prevention during shutdown of the gas turbine.

Abstract: A combustor includes a combustion chamber and an acoustic liner, wherein through-holes through are formed in a wall of the combustion chamber, a plurality of rows of the through-holes is arranged in a lengthwise direction of the combustor, the through-holes of a first through-hole row are shifted with respect to the through-holes of a second through-hole row so that centers of the through-holes of the first and second through-hole rows adjacent each other are staggered in the circumferential direction, cooling grooves are formed so as to avoid the through-holes inside that is sandwiched between the outer peripheral surface and the inner peripheral surface of the combustion chamber, and the cooling grooves include transverse cooling grooves extending in the circumferential direction between rows of the through-holes, and longitudinal cooling grooves extending in the lengthwise direction between the through-holes and connecting the transverse cooling grooves adjacent to each other.

Abstract: Provided is a gas turbine capable of achieving high-speed startup of the gas turbine through quick operation control of an ACC system during startup of the gas turbine, improving the cooling efficiency of turbine stationary components, and quickly carrying out an operation required for cat back prevention during shutdown of the gas turbine.

Abstract: Provided is a gas turbine capable of achieving high-speed startup of the gas turbine through quick operation control of an ACC system during startup of the gas turbine, improving the cooling efficiency of turbine stationary components, and quickly carrying out an operation required for cat back prevention during shutdown of the gas turbine.

Abstract: Provided is a gas turbine capable of achieving high-speed startup of the gas turbine through quick operation control of an ACC system during startup of the gas turbine, improving the cooling efficiency of turbine stationary components, and quickly carrying out an operation required for cat back prevention during shutdown of the gas turbine.

Abstract: An electro-mechanical transduction element includes a lower electrode formed above a substrate; an electro-mechanical transduction film which is formed on the lower electrode and includes a perovskite-type crystal containing lead zirconate titanate (PZT); and an upper electrode formed on the electro-mechanical transduction film, wherein, in a state where the electro-mechanical transduction film is not bound by the substrate, a peak position of X-ray diffraction caused by a plane (200) of the electro-mechanical transduction film is 2?=44.45° or greater and 44.75° or smaller, and a peak of diffraction caused by the plane (200) or a plane (400) of the electro-mechanical transduction film has an asymmetry property.

Abstract: A droplet discharge head includes a substrate, an electromechanical transducer, a first terminal electrode, a second terminal electrode, and a holding substrate. The holding substrate covers the electromechanical transducer. The holding substrate has a first opening to expose at least a part of the first terminal electrode and a second opening to expose at least a part of the second terminal electrode. The first and second openings are arranged in an area in which an amount of charges supplied by a discharge electrode becomes a threshold amount or more when, by corona or glow discharge generated by the discharge electrode arranged to face a surface of the holding substrate having the first and second openings, charges are supplied to the first and second terminal electrodes through the first and second openings to generate an electric field between first and second drive electrodes to perform polarization processing on the electromechanical transducer.

Abstract: An electromechanical transducer element includes a substrate; a first electrode formed on the substrate as a common electrode; an electromechanical transducer membrane formed on the first electrode; a second electrode formed on the electromechanical transducer membrane as an individual electrode; a first insulation protection membrane formed on the first and the second electrode; a third electrode electrically connected to the first electrode; a fourth electrode electrically connected to the second electrode; a second insulation protection membrane including a common electrode pad formed on the third electrode and plural individual electrode pads formed on the fourth electrode; and a fifth electrode formed so as to surround a vicinity of at least one of the individual electrode pads disposed at end parts. Further, the fifth electrode is formed on the first insulation protection membrane and is electrically connected to the first electrode.