Abstract: An element division liquid crystal display device with a liquid crystal inserted between first and second plates having alignment films, respectively. The alignment film of at least the first plate includes a single layer of alignment material having a plurality of first and second adjacent domains A and B and is continuously rubbed in one direction through first and second minute domains A and B. A further treatment, different from a rubbing treatment, is effected to the single alignment layer so that a pretilt angle of the liquid crystal contacting the alignment layer at one of the first and second domains is different from the pretilt angle of the liquid crystal contacting the alignment layer at the other domain. The further treatment includes one of the steps of irradiating with UV light, changing the chemical components of the material of the alignment layer, heating or changing the precuring process.

Abstract: The liquid crystal display panel which has improved viewing angle characteristics, is free from deterioration of a liquid crystal, enables the alignment division to be easily and ensurely carried out and has a simple structure. The liquid crystal display panel is constructed so that substrates sandwiching a liquid crystal therebetween each have an alignment film at their inner walls, at least one of the alignment films comprises a layer of a particular polyimide film material capable of inducing a change in surface energy upon the action of light or heat energy, the alignment film comprises an assembly of two adjacent minute domains and has been continuously rubbed in one direction along the minute domains and the two minute domains are different from each other in pretilt angle (defined as an angle at which liquid crystalline molecules rise from the surface of the substrate).

Abstract: A power supply apparatus having an AC-DC converter includes a transformer, an AC-DC converter, a power supply controller, a push switch, and a relay and a relay contact. The relay is connected to an AC power supply voltage input side of the primary coil of the transformer, turned on to apply the AC power supply voltage to the primary coil of the transformer when the push switch designates to start applying the DC power supply voltage to the load, and turned off to stop applying the AC power supply voltage to the primary coil of the transformer when the push switch designates to stop applying the DC power supply voltage to the load.

Abstract: A multifunction machine module includes an upper layer member having a plurality of equiangularly spaced projecting arms, a middle layer member shaped identically with the upper layer member and, a lower layer member shaped identically with the upper layer member. The upper, middle and lower layer members are coaxially stacked with the upper and lower layer members angularly aligned, the middle layer member is offset by one-half pitch from the upper layer member and the projecting arms of the upper and lower layer members are spaced to permit a projecting arm of the middle layer member of another identically configured module to be inserted between them, first connector is provided on the projecting arms of the upper and lower layer members. A second connector is provided on the projecting arms of the middle layer member.

Abstract: According to this invention, a cathode electrode is brought into reliable contact with a semiconductor substrate. A cup-like tank is arranged independently of an outer tank, and adjusting mechanisms are arranged on the cup-like tank for supporting the semiconductor and a head for supporting a cathode electrode, respectively. The adjusting mechanisms keep the semiconductor substrate and the cathode electrode to be horizontal, and the semiconductor substrate and the cathode electrode are brought into reliable contact with each other.