Abstract: Examples of methods for object manufacturing visualization by an electronic device are described herein. In some examples, a predicted thermal image of additive manufacturing is determined using a machine learning model. In some examples, a captured thermal image is obtained. In some examples, a graphical overlay of the predicted thermal image with the captured thermal image is presented.

Abstract: According to examples, an apparatus may include a processor and a memory on which is stored machine readable instructions that when executed by the processor are to cause the processor to access a reduced resolution three-dimensional (3D) model file of an object to be built in a build bed of a 3D printing system, the reduced resolution 3D model file comprising a reduced resolution file of a first resolution 3D model file of the object. The instructions may also cause the processor to determine a packing arrangement for the object and a plurality of other objects to be built in the build bed through use of the reduced resolution 3D model file and output the determined packing arrangement for the 3D printing system to print the object and the other objects.

Abstract: Examples include apparatuses, processes, and methods for generating three-dimensional objects. An example apparatus comprises build material distributor and a controller. Examples distribute a particular build layer in a build area of the apparatus over a previous build layer. Examples determine a build layer temperature corresponding to the particular build layer. Examples analyze build layer coverage for the particular build layer based at least in part on a build layer temperature of the previous build layer and the build layer temperature of the particular build layer. Examples selectively recoat the particular build layer with additional build material based at least in part on the build layer coverage for the particular build layer.

Abstract: Examples include apparatuses, processes, and methods for generating three-dimensional objects. An example apparatus comprises build material distributor and a controller. Examples distribute a particular build layer in a build area of the apparatus over a previous build layer. Examples determine a build layer temperature corresponding to the particular build layer. Examples analyze build layer coverage for the particular build layer based at least in part on a build layer temperature of the previous build layer and the build layer temperature of the particular build layer. Examples selectively recoat the particular build layer with additional build material based at least in part on the build layer coverage for the particular build layer.

Abstract: An image processing system acquires a first three-dimensional model of an object. The image processing system includes a processor and storage medium encoded with instructions executable by the processor. The instructions include instructions to define a material potential function for a material. The material potential function is a function of a three-dimensional origin point of the material in the object, a three-dimensional propagation limit of the material in the object, and a three-dimensional propagation function of the material in the object. The instructions include instructions to generate a second three-dimensional model of the object based in part on the material potential function and the first model. The second model illustrates propagation of the material through an interior volume of the object at a unit level. A controller generates control signals based on the second model, and a fluid ejection engine performs an additive manufacturing process based on the control signals.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an object via three-dimensional printing is disclosed. Data regarding the object is received. The object is three-dimensionally printed from the data. A wrapper is also three-dimensionally printed from the data. The wrapper encloses the object and includes information regarding the object.

Abstract: According to examples, a three-dimensional (3D) fabrication system may include fabrication components and a controller. The controller may control the fabrication components to fabricate parts of a 3D object in a build envelope, the parts to be assembled together to form the object, and in which the parts are fabricated at locations corresponding to relative positions of the parts with respect to each other in the assembled object. The controller may also control the fabrication components to fabricate a cage around the parts in the build envelope.

Abstract: Examples disclosed herein relate to selecting a 3D printing parameter based on voxel property association and conflict resolution. In one implementation, a processor assigns properties to a voxel of a 3D print object based on a first and second zone including the voxel and a condition of a first property associated with the first zone and a condition of a second property associated with the second zone. The processor may update the assigned properties to resolve conflicts between the properties and select a 3D printing parameter based on the assigned properties.

Abstract: Examples of methods for object manufacturing visualization by an electronic device are described herein. In some examples, a predicted thermal image of additive manufacturing is determined using a machine learning model. In some examples, a captured thermal image is obtained. In some examples, a graphical overlay of the predicted thermal image with the captured thermal image is presented.

Abstract: In one example, a control process for additive manufacturing includes: forming an extent of unfused build material on a support; applying a coolant to unfused build material within the extent of unfused build material in a pattern of spots; capturing a thermal image of the extent of unfused build material with a thermal imaging device; mapping a pixel location in the thermal image to a physical location for each of multiple spots in the pattern; and based on the mapping, establishing a transform between pixels on the thermal imaging device and physical locations on the support.

Abstract: A method comprises determining an amount of print materials consumed in at least part of a build job comprising a plurality of objects, and distributing the amount of print materials consumed on an object by object basis to the plurality of objects forming the build job.

Abstract: According to examples, a three-dimensional (3D) fabrication system may include fabrication components and a controller. The controller may control the fabrication components to fabricate parts of a 3D object in a build envelope, the parts to be assembled together to form the object, and in which the parts are fabricated at locations corresponding to relative positions of the parts with respect to each other in the assembled object. The controller may also control the fabrication components to fabricate a cage around the parts in the build envelope.

Abstract: According to an example, a processing device may slice a 3D model along a first direction to generate a plurality of layers in parallel planes defined across a second direction and a third direction, in which each of the plurality of layers is composed of respective polygons representing portions of the 3D model. The plurality of layers may be partitioned into a plurality of stacked boxes containing the respective polygons and for each stacked box of the plurality of stacked boxes, the polygons in the stacked box may be assembled into a superset polygon and the superset polygon may be partitioned into bounding shapes. A shape profile of the 3D object may be generated using the bounding shapes.

Abstract: In an example, a method includes receiving a first data model of an object to be generated in additive manufacturing, at a processor. Using the processor, a second data model may be determined. Determining the second data model may include generating for each of plurality of contiguous, non-overlapping sub-volumes of a volume containing the object, a sub-volume octree characterising the sub-volume and having a root node. Determining the second data model may further include generating a volume octree characterising the volume containing the object, the volume octree characterising in its lowest nodes the root nodes of the sub-volume octrees.

Abstract: According to an example, a printer may include a warming device to apply energy onto a region of a plurality of regions of a layer of build materials. The printer may also include a controller that may calculate, based upon the region upon which the warming device is to apply energy, an energy curve to be applied to the warming device between occurrences of a plurality of events, in which the energy curve defines timings and levels at which the warming device is to be operated between occurrences of the plurality of events. The controller may also control the warming device to be operated to apply energy onto the region according to the calculated energy curve.

Abstract: According to examples, an apparatus may include a processor and a memory on which is stored machine readable instructions that when executed by the processor are to cause the processor to access a reduced resolution three-dimensional (3D) model file of an object to be built in a build bed of a 3D printing system, the reduced resolution 3D model file comprising a reduced resolution file of a first resolution 3D model file of the object. The instructions may also cause the processor to determine a packing arrangement for the object and a plurality of other objects to be built in the build bed through use of the reduced resolution 3D model file and output the determined packing arrangement for the 3D printing system to print the object and the other objects.

Abstract: One example includes a non-transitory machine readable storage medium including voxels organized by an octree and at least one quad-tree index. The octree defines an object to be three-dimensionally printed and includes a list of nodes for each depth of the octree where each node includes nodal content representing at least one voxel. The at least one quad-tree index is to index at least one node of the octree and has a depth less than or equal to a maximum resolved depth. The at least one quad-tree index is to be accessed by computer executable instructions to retrieve nodal content from the octree to control a processor to process the object to be three-dimensionally printed.

Abstract: According to one example, there is provided a system for managing the generation of three-dimension objects by an additive manufacturing system. The system comprises a processor to receive one or multiple virtual objects, to generate a spatial arrangement of those objects within a virtual build volume, to control an additive manufacturing system to process the virtual build volume, to modify the virtual build volume in response to a request, and to control the additive manufacturing system to process the modified virtual build volume.

Abstract: In one example, a method of controlling generation apparatus for generating a three-dimensional object is described. For example, data indicative of at least one physical property affecting heat transfer from an object may be determined and used to determine a cooling time, and a component of the generation apparatus may be controlled in response to the determined cooling time.

Abstract: An image processing system acquires a first three-dimensional model of an object. The image processing system includes a processor and storage medium encoded with instructions executable by the processor. The instructions include instructions to define a material potential function for a material. The material potential function is a function of a three-dimensional origin point of the material in the object, a three-dimensional propagation limit of the material in the object, and a three-dimensional propagation function of the material in the object. The instructions include instructions to generate a second three-dimensional model of the object based in part on the material potential function and the first model. The second model illustrates propagation of the material through an interior volume of the object at a unit level. A controller generates control signals based on the second model, and a fluid ejection engine performs an additive manufacturing process based on the control signals.