Abstract: A particulate carbon catalyst in which particles having a particle diameter of 20 nm-1 ?m account for a volume fraction of at least 45%, and the content of nitrogen atoms is 0.1-10 atomic % relative to the amount of carbon atoms.

Abstract: A carbon catalyst which has high catalytic activity and can achieve high catalyst performance is provided. The carbon catalyst comprises nitrogen. The energy peak area ratio of the first nitrogen atom whose electron in the 1s orbital has a binding energy of 398.5±1.0 eV to the second nitrogen atom whose electron in the 1s orbital has a binding energy of 401±1.0 eV (i.e., the value of (the first nitrogen atom)/(the second nitrogen atom)) of the nitrogen introduced into the catalyst is 1.2 or less.

Abstract: A particulate carbon catalyst in which particles having a particle diameter of 20 nm-1 ?m account for a volume fraction of at least 45%, and the content of nitrogen atoms is 0.1-10 atomic % relative to the amount of carbon atoms.

Abstract: A carbon catalyst which has high catalytic activity and can achieve high catalyst performance is provided. The carbon catalyst comprises nitrogen. The energy peak area ratio of the first nitrogen atom whose electron in the 1s orbital has a binding energy of 398.5±1.0 eV to the second nitrogen atom whose electron in the 1s orbital has a binding energy of 401±1.0 eV (i.e., the value of (the first nitrogen atom)/(the second nitrogen atom)) of the nitrogen introduced into the catalyst is 1.2 or less.

Abstract: An oxidation catalyst, comprising a carbon material prepared by calcining a transition metal compound and a nitrogen-containing organic substance, or a transition metal compound, a nitrogen-containing organic substance, and a carbon compound not containing nitrogen, the oxidation catalyst oxidizing at least one target substance selected from the group consisting of NO, CO, NH3, and an aromatic hydrocarbon.

Abstract: An oxidation catalyst containing a carbon material prepared by calcining a transition metal compound and a nitrogen-containing organic substance, or a transition metal compound, a nitrogen-containing organic substance, and a carbon compound not containing nitrogen, the oxidation catalyst oxidizing CO and/or a hydrocarbon.

Abstract: The present invention is made to integrate a catalyst and other component(s) to be combined with the catalyst to reduce the number of components, and to reduce contact resistance of the integrated components. A configuration is formed in which a conductive region is provided in at least a portion of a base 3, and a carbon catalyst 2 is formed in the conductive region. The configuration is formed by attaching a carbon precursor polymer to the base and carbonizing the carbon precursor polymer.

Abstract: The present invention is made to provide a carbon catalyst which has high catalytic activity and can achieve high catalyst performance. A carbon catalyst has nitrogen introduced therein. The value of energy peak area ratio of a first nitrogen atom whose electron in the is orbital has a binding energy of 398.5±1.0 eV to a second nitrogen atom whose electron in the is orbital has a binding energy of 401±1.0 eV (i.e., the value of (the first nitrogen atom)/(the second nitrogen atom)) of the introduced nitrogen is 1.2 or less.

Abstract: An apparatus for treating the surface of an object to be treated comprising introducing a surface treatment fluid into a reaction vessel (4) capable of receiving an object, introducing the surface treatment fluid into a separation vessel (14) after the object is subjected to surface treatment, and circulating the surface treatment fluid, from which a contaminant has already been removed, to the reaction vessel (4). At the time of treatment on the surface of the object, a circulation passage for the surface treatment fluid including the reaction vessel (4) is communicated and the surface treatment fluid is constantly circulated through the circulation passage.

Abstract: This invention provides an electroless plating method comprising electrolessly plating the surface of a metal base sample using a supercritical fluid or a subcritical fluid in such a state that a metal powder is dispersed in an electroless plating liquid. According to this method, a homogeneous and thick plating layer is formed in a short time by taking advantage of an induction eutectoid phenomenon. In the electroless plating method, the metal powder may have an average particle diameter of not less than 1 nm and not more than 100 &mgr;m, and the electroless plating method may also be applied to a damascene process or a dual damascene process which is a method for forming a fine metal wiring within a semiconductor element. The above constitution can provide an electroless plating method which can realize the formation of an even film by electroless plating in a short time using a subcritical fluid or a supercritical fluid by taking advantage of an induction eutectoid phenomenon.

Abstract: The surface of a metal base is electroplated by utilizing an induction codeposition phenomenon using at least one of carbon dioxide and inert gas, an electroplating liquid containing a metal powder dispersed therein, and a surfactant in a supercritical state or a subcritical state. The concentration of the metal in the electroplating liquid is in a saturated or supersaturated state. Accordingly, the dissolution speed of the metal base can be suppressed, and, at the same time, a plating layer having a smooth surface can be formed in a short time by utilizing an induction codeposition phenomenon. The electroplating method can be applied even when the metal base is formed of a metallic thin film provided on a surface of an insulating film provided on the substrate, or even when the metal is copper, zinc, iron, nickel, or cobalt.

Abstract: There are provided a light polarizing film of a grid type, usable for light at a wavelength in a range of a visible light region to an infrared region, and a method of continuously fabricating the same. A PET film 12 was fed via rolls 13, and a mixed liquid containing poly (vinyl alcohol), formaldehyde, ZnO whiskers after metal treatment, and water was applied to the surface of the PET film to a predetermined thickness with the use of a T-die 14, subsequently executing coating while applying shearing stress by varying peripheral velocity of an upper roll 16 of biaxial rolls from that of a lower roll 16? thereof, whereupon the ZnO whiskers were oriented in the longitudinal direction of the film. Thereafter, the film was dried and cured through a constant temperature cell 17 kept at a predetermined temperature, and rolls 18 to be subsequently taken up by a take-up roll 19.

Abstract: An apparatus for treating the surface of an object to be treated comprising introducing a surface treatment fluid into a reaction vessel (4) capable of receiving an object, introducing the surface treatment fluid into a separation vessel (14) after the object is subjected to surface treatment, and circulating the surface treatment fluid, from which a contaminant has already been removed, to the reaction vessel (4). At the time of treatment on the surface of the object, a circulation passage for the surface treatment fluid including the reaction vessel (4) is communicated and the surface treatment fluid is constantly circulated through the circulation passage.

Abstract: A method for treating the surface of an object to be treated includes introducing a surface treatment fluid into a reaction vessel (4) capable of receiving an object, introducing-the surface treatment fluid into a separation vessel (14) after the object is subjected to surface treatment, and circulating the surface treatment fluid, from which a contaminant has already been removed, to the reaction vessel (4). At the time of treatment on the surface of the object, a circulation passage for the surface treatment fluid including the reaction vessel (4) is communicated and the surface treatment fluid is constantly circulated through the circulation passage.

Abstract: There are provided a light polarizing film of a grid type, usable for light at a wavelength in a range of a visible light region to an infrared region, a method of continuously fabricating the same, and a reflective optical film using the light polarizing film. A polypropylene film is passed through rolls 12, a first constant temperature cell 13, and rolls 12? to thereby undergo uniaxial drawing by 4-fold. Thereafter, an aluminum metal is vapor-deposited to a thickness of 100 nm in a vacuum deposition cell 14 to be subsequently passed through rolls 15, a second constant temperature cell 16, and rolls 15?, undergoing uniaxial drawing by 2-fold again while partially crystallizing the polypropylene film. At this point in time, the aluminum metal undergoes substantially uniform cracking in a direction orthogonal to a drawing direction. Thereafter, heat treatment is applied to the film in a third constant temperature cell 17, and the film is subsequently taken out by take-up rolls 18.

Abstract: There are provided a light polarizing film of a grid type, usable for light at a wavelength in a range of a visible light region to an infrared region, and a method of continuously fabricating the same. A PET film 12 was fed via rolls 13, and a mixed liquid containing poly (vinyl alcohol), formaldehyde, ZnO whiskers after metal treatment, and water was applied to the surface of the PET film to a predetermined thickness with the use of a T-die 14, subsequently executing coating while applying shearing stress by varying peripheral velocity of an upper roll 16 of biaxial rolls from that of a lower roll 16? thereof, whereupon the ZnO whiskers were oriented in the longitudinal direction of the film. Thereafter, the film was dried and cured through a constant temperature cell 17 kept at a predetermined temperature, and rolls 18 to be subsequently taken up by a take-up roll 19.

Abstract: There are provided a light polarizing film of a grid type, usable for light at a wavelength in a range of a visible light region to an infrared region, a method of continuously fabricating the same, and a reflective optical film using the light polarizing film. A polypropylene film is passed through rolls 12, a first constant temperature cell 13, and rolls 12? to thereby undergo uniaxial drawing by 4-fold. Thereafter, an aluminum metal is vapor-deposited to a thickness of 100 nm in a vacuum deposition cell 14 to be subsequently passed through rolls 15, a second constant temperature cell 16, and rolls 15?, undergoing uniaxial drawing by 2-fold again while partially crystallizing the polypropylene film. At this point in time, the aluminum metal undergoes substantially uniform cracking in a direction orthogonal to a drawing direction. Thereafter, heat treatment is applied to the film in a third constant temperature cell 17, and the film is subsequently taken out by take-up rolls 18.

Abstract: Provided is a high-luminance, high-color purity red-emitting organic electroluminescent device.

Abstract: A novel method of electrochemical treatment such as electroplating, etc. and an electrochemical reaction apparatus thereof which is high in reactability and able to be electrochemically reacted efficiently, which is small or zero in amount of generation of liquid waste such as electrolytic solution and cleaning liquid and therefore, amicable to the environment, and in which it is no more required to clean the electrode, etc. with cleaning liquid after reaction. Electrochemical reaction is executed in a reaction vessel (6) containing matter (5) which is in a supercritical or subcritical state and an electrolytic solution (1), and after reaction, the supercritical or subcritical matter (5) is shifted into a state of the matter (5) before being shifted into a critical state.

Abstract: A method for treating the surface of an object to be treated and an apparatus thereof, suitably applied, for example, to electrochemical treatment on an object to be treated, capable of avoiding contact between the object and the atmosphere, uniformly activating the surface of the object with precision, obtaining a good precipitation of metal ion, rationally carrying out the supply and discharge of the surface treatment fluid and the treatment solution, attaining effective utilization thereof and prohibiting the discharge of the same to the outside of the system, realizing a reasonable system, enhancing productivity and achieving mass production, rationally and safely carrying out the electrochemical treatment operation, miniaturizing the equipment and achieving the cot reduction, and providing a convenient maintenance.