Abstract: A novel method of electrochemical treatment such as electroplating, etc. and an electrochemical reaction apparatus thereof which is high in reactability and able to be electrochemically reacted efficiently, which is small or zero in amount of generation of liquid waste such as electrolytic solution and cleaning liquid and therefore, amicable to the environment, and in which it is no more required to clean the electrode, etc. with cleaning liquid after reaction. Electrochemical reaction is executed in a reaction vessel (6) containing matter (5) which is in a supercritical or subcritical state and an electrolytic solution (1), and after reaction, the supercritical or subcritical matter (5) is shifted into a state of the matter (5) before being shifted into a critical state.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing an organic electroluminescent device, including the steps of sequentially forming a hole transport layer, a bipolar transport layer at need, and an electron transport layer on a transparent electrode side of a transparent substrate having a transparent electrode. After a recombination region layer for electrons and holes of the transport layers is formed, three kinds of fluorescent pigment R, G and B are applied to an upper surface of the recombination region layer. Subsequently, the kinds of fluorescent pigment are heated to be diffused in the recombination layer so that the kinds of fluorescent pigment and the recombination layer constitute a luminescent layer. An organic electroluminescent device produced by this process is disclosed.

Abstract: A nonlinear optical material comprises a solid solution of an organic guest compound having an electron donative group or an electron attractive group. The organic guest compound is contained in the nonlinear optical material preferably an oriented form through orientation under melting by application of a DC electric field. The guest compound is preferably a para-di-substituted benzene derivative represented by the formula: ##STR1## wherein A is an electron donative group and B is an electron attractive group.

Abstract: A nonlinear optical material comprising a nitroaniline derivative represented by the following chemical formula:A--CX.sub.2 --Rwherein A represents ##STR1## (Y represents at least one group selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl groups, deuterated alkyl groups and electron donor groups and Z represents hydrogen, deuterium, a methyl group or a deuterated methyl group), X represents hydrogen or deuterium, and R represents an alkoxy group, a deuterated alkoxy group or the same group as A.

Abstract: A non-linear optical material comprises a derivative of chalcone represented by the following general formulae (I) or (II) of: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 each represent a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a dimethylamino group, a nitro group, a cyano group, a phenyl group, an acetyl group, an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms or an alkyloxy group having 1 to 22 carbon atoms; n.sub.1 and n.sub.2 each represent an interger of from 0 to 21; and m.sub.1 and m.sub.2 each represent an integer of from 0 to 5.

Abstract: A nonlinear optical material comprises a solid solution of an organic guest compound having an electron donative group or an electron attractive group. The organic guest compound is contained in the nonlinear optical material preferably an oriented form through orientation under melting by application of a DC electric field. The guest compound is preferably a para-di-substituted benzene derivative represented by the formula: ##STR1## wherein A is an electron donative group and B is an electron attractive group.

Abstract: An organic guest compound having both an electron attractive group and an electron donative group is blended with a host polymer selected from a lactone polymer and a copolymer nylon to form a solid solution. The solid solution shows good mechanical strength and processability and may be suitably formed into a nonlinear optical device. Even if the guest compound is a compound, such as p-nitroaniline, which has a large non-linearity but is by itself liable to form a centrosymmetrical crystal thus showing no SHG activity, the solid solution obtained by blending it with the host polymer can show a uniform and large SHG activity.

Abstract: A display system includes a display medium which comprises a display layer providing a display area capable of converting coherent light into light of a shorter wavelength through a nonlinear optical effect and converting the coherent light into scattered light. The display area is illuminated imagewise with coherent light such as a scanning laser beam to form a display image with scattered light having a wavelength different from that of the coherent light at the illuminated part of the display area.

Abstract: A Langmuir-Blodgett ultrathin membrane is constituted of polyfumarate having a degree of polymerization of 20 to 10,000. The polyfumarate is obtained by polymerizing fumarate represented by the general formula of: ##STR1## wherein at least one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 represents a bulky hydrocarbon group such as a branched alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group or a substituent thereof, a fluorine-substituted hydrocarbon group, a hetero atom-containing hydrocarbon group or a silicon-containing group.

Abstract: A non-linear optical article is constituted of a derivative of benzalacetophenone represented by the following general formula: ##STR1## wherein A and B each represent the same or different atom or group and stand for a hydrogen atom, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, an amino group or a dialkylamino group having 1 to 2 carbon atoms.

Abstract: Disclosed is a multicomponent resin composition which is essentially a blend of three polymers, each of which may be a copolymer, and undergoes a change in light transmittance and color with temperature. The first and second polymers are chosen in combination such that a blend thereof exhibits a phase diagram in which a lower critical solution temperature appears, and the third polymer is one which has mutual solubility, at least partially, with either or both of the first and second polymers. For example, polymethyl methacrylate and a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoroacetone, as the first and second polymers, and polyvinyl acetate are blended together. The phase separation temperature or coloring temperature of the multicomponent resin composition depends on the amount of the third polymer, and opacifying and coloring of the resin composition caused by heating become irreversible by cooling when the amount of the third polymer is sufficient.

Abstract: A process for producing an electrically conductive composite polymer article, which comprises contacting at least one polymerizable compound selected from the group consisting of heterocyclic compounds, derivatives thereof, aniline and aniline derivatives with a polymer article containing a polymerization catalyst for the polymerizable compound, and polymerizing the polymerizable compound to prepare an electrically conductive polymer on the surface of the polymer article or on the surface and in the polymer article. Schottky-barrier diodes and patterned electrodes can also be produced by utilizing the process. According to the process, process steps can be simplified, and various devices having excellent conductivity and transparency can be produced.

Abstract: Using the Langmuir-Blodgett's technique and a compound represented by the general formula CF.sub.3 (CF.sub.2).sub.n (CH.sub.2).sub.m --X, wherein X is a hydrophilic group, preferably --COOH, n is from 5 to 20 and m is from 0 to 10, a firm built-up film having a desired number of monomolecular layers can surely be formed on a solid substrate surface by spreading a monomolecular film of the fluorinated compound on an aqueous phase containing trivalent metal ions. In the obtained built-up film the CF.sub.3 -terminated molecules are well oriented in the direction of the thickness of the film. The built-up film fully exhibits extreme hydrophobicity, high insulation, low refraction and other properties characteristic of the fluorine-containing compound.

Abstract: In producing an electret element having piezoelectric properties by subjecting a vinylidene cyanide copolymer to a polarization treatment, the copolymer is heat-treated at a temperature below the glass transition temperature thereof prior to or simultaneously with the polarization treatment to thereby increase the longitudinal piezoelectric effect (Kt).

Abstract: Copolymers of vinylidene fluoride (VDF) and hexafluoroacetone (HFA) exhibit lower indices of refraction than polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and can be blended well with PMMA at widely variable ratios. The obtained blends are thermoplastic resins which can easily be moulded or extruded into desirably shaped and transparent members having good mechanical properties and weather resistance. The blends are soluble in various organic solvents. It is preferable that the amount of HFA in the copolymer is not more than 90 mol %. The refractive index of a member formed of the blend falls in the range of about 1.37-1.49 and can freely be controlled by controlling the weight ratio of PMMA to VDF/HFA copolymer. The blend is useful for optical fibers, cylindrical lenses, etc.