Abstract: An electrically controllable RF-circuit element that includes at least one layer of an electrochromic material sandwiched between two corresponding layers of a solid-electrolyte material and placed adjacent and along a length of RF transmission line. In one example embodiment, the electrically controllable RF-circuit element operates as a tunable band-stop (e.g., notch) filter whose stop band can be spectrally moved by changing one or more dc-bias voltages applied across the corresponding layer stack(s). In another example embodiment, the elecyrically controllable RF-circuit element operates as a tunable phase shifter whose phase-shifting characteristics can be changed by changing one or more dc-bias voltages applied across the corresponding layer stack(s).

Abstract: A switchable element, a device and a method for analogue and programmable computing operating on electromagnetic waves having a frequency, wherein the switchable element is configured to configured to, in response to an activation signal, switch from having a first dielectric permittivity for electromagnetic waves having a frequency to having a second dielectric permittivity for electromagnetic waves having the frequency, and the device comprises a plurality of the switchable elements that are adapted to be switched individually in accordance with the computing operation.

Abstract: An antenna element includes a patch antenna and a microstrip line separated by an electrochromic material to tune the element. A reflectarray of a plurality of antenna elements is formed on a substrate. The dielectric permitivities of the electrochromic material may be controlled both during manufacture and during operation of the antenna to provide a phase shift to the antenna elements and beamform a signal radiated by the antenna. A bias line may be used to change a shape, direction or circular polarity of a beam radiating from the antenna.

Abstract: Structure and method of manufacturing a structure for guiding electromagnetic waves, the method including providing a printed circuit board having a conductive trace, and providing a metal structure on the conductive trace for guiding the electromagnetic waves, wherein the conductive trace is disposed on the printed circuit board, wherein a metal powder is disposed on the conductive trace, and the metal structure is printed onto the conductive trace on the printed circuit board by fusion using laser.

Abstract: An apparatus including a dielectric lens and a feeding array having feeding elements at different positions. The apparatus also including circuitry configured to simultaneously operate one feeding element of a first group of feeding elements and one feeding element of a second group of feeding elements.

Abstract: A method is provided of a sensor sensing a mobile user terminal for cellular radio telecommunications, the user terminal being associated with any one of a plurality of networks, each network having a distinct carrier frequency band for radio signals. The method comprises: broadcasting a common signal at each of multiple carrier frequency bands; the user terminal receiving the signal in the associated carrier frequency band of its network; the user terminal checking information in the received signal, and upon determining that the information is acceptable to allow connection to the sensor, the user terminal acknowledging to the sensor its receipt of the signal.

Abstract: We disclose an electrically controllable RF-circuit element that includes an electrochromic material. In an example embodiment, the electrically controllable RF-circuit element is configured to operate as a phase shifter whose phase-shifting characteristics can be changed using a dc-bias voltage applied to a multilayered structure containing a layer of the electrochromic material.

Abstract: Apparatus comprising a first layer of electrically conductive material, a second layer of electrically conductive material, and at least one dielectric layer, which comprises a solid dielectric material, arranged between said first layer and said second layer, wherein at least one distributed resonator structure comprising a plurality of resonator posts is arranged in said at least one dielectric layer.

Abstract: An electrochromic (EC) cell having improved dielectric tunability and lower dielectric losses is disclosed. A multi-layer structure includes at least one electrochromic layer of a transition metal oxide between electrode layers. Two electrolyte layers are located on either side of the at least one electrochromic layer and next to the electrode layers. An ion storage film layer of a transition metal oxide may be provided between the electrochromic layer and one of the electrolyte layers. This structure prevents the shortening of the channel height when a voltage is applied therefore reducing dielectric losses.

Abstract: An antenna element includes a patch antenna and a microstrip line separated by an electrochromic material to tune the element. A reflectarray of a plurality of antenna elements is formed on a substrate. The dielectric permitivities of the electrochromic material may be controlled both during manufacture and during operation of the antenna to provide a phase shift to the antenna elements and beamform a signal radiated by the antenna. A bias line may be used to change a shape, direction or circular polarity of a beam radiating from the antenna.

Abstract: Composite substrate (1300; CS) for radio frequency, RF, signals comprising at least a first layer (1310; 1310a) of di-electric material and a second layer (1320; 1320a) of dielectric material, and at least one conductor layer (1330; 1330a) of an electrically conductive material arranged between said first layer (1310; 1310a) and said second layer (1320; 1320a), wherein said first layer (1310; 310a) and said second layer (1320; 1320a) and said conductor layer (1330; 1330a) each comprise optically transparent material.

Abstract: Composite substrate for a waveguide for RF signals having a signal frequency, wherein said composite substrate comprises at least a first layer of dielectric material and a second layer of dielectric material, and at least one conductor layer of an electrically conductive material arranged between said first layer and said second layer, wherein a layer thickness of said at least one conductor layer is smaller than about 120 percent of a skin depth of said RF signals within said electrically conductive material of said conductor layer.

Abstract: A resonator assembly and method are disclosed.

Abstract: Apparatus comprising a first layer of electrically conductive material and a second layer of electrically conductive material, and a plurality of impedance elements connecting said first layer with said second layer, wherein an impedance value of at least some of said plurality of impedance elements is controllable.

Abstract: An electrochromic (EC) cell having improved dielectric tunability and lower dielectric losses is disclosed. A multi-layer structure includes at least one electrochromic layer of a transition metal oxide between electrode layers. Two electrolyte layers are located on either side of the at least one electrochromic layer and next to the electrode layers. An ion storage film layer of a transition metal oxide may be provided between the electrochromic layer and one of the electrolyte layers. This structure prevents the shortening of the channel height when a voltage is applied therefore reducing dielectric losses.

Abstract: An electrochromic (EC) switch is disclosed and claimed. The EC switch includes an EC region and an electrolyte region separated by a dielectric region on a ground plane. A microstrip configured to transmit an RF signal is adjacent to and in electrical contact with the EC region. A conductive pad is adjacent to the electrolyte region and a bias line couples the microstrip to the electrolyte region. Voltages applied between the ground plane and the conductive pad and between the conductive pad and the bias line switch the microstrip. The EC switch may be incorporated within a wide variety of RF devices, for example, attenuators, phase shifters and antennas.

Abstract: We disclose an electrically controllable RF-circuit element that includes an electrochromic material. In an example embodiment, the electrically controllable RF-circuit element is configured to operate as a phase shifter whose phase-shifting characteristics can be changed using a dc-bias voltage applied to a multilayered structure containing a layer of the electrochromic material.

Abstract: A resonator assembly comprising a resonant member within a conductive resonator cavity is disclosed. The resonant member extends from a first inner surface of the resonator cavity towards an opposing second inner surface. A main portion of the resonant member has a substantially constant first cross sectional area. A cap portion of the resonant member extending from the main portion towards the opposing second inner surface has a progressively increasing cross sectional area increasing from the first cross sectional area adjacent to the main portion to a larger cap cross sectional area at an end of the resonant member, the larger cap cross sectional area being at least 1.i times as large as the first cross sectional area. The resonant member may also have a flared section at the other end giving the resonant member an hour glass type shape.

Abstract: A disclosed electrical cell enables experimental measurements of dielectric properties of an electrochromic material in the radio-frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum. In an example embodiment, the electrical cell includes a layer of the electrochromic material under test that is sandwiched between a conducting base plane and a microstrip line. The conducting base plane and the microstrip line are electrically connected to a co-planar waveguide configured for application of superimposed DC-bias and RF-probe signals using a conventional probe station and a vector network analyzer. The S-parameters of the electrical cell measured in this manner can then be used, e.g., to obtain the complex dielectric constant of the electrochromic material under test as a function of frequency.

Abstract: A filter assembly is provided comprising a first filter (12), a notch filter (26, 26?), and a phase-shifter (36). The first filter has a stop-band. The filter assembly is configured to, in use, split the output of the first filter into a main signal on a first path (18, 20, 22) and a secondary signal on a parallel path (26, 36, 38), and to pass the signal on the parallel path through the notch filter (26) having a stop-band corresponding to the pass-band of the first filter and, or including, through the phase-shifter (36) so as to be phase-shifted at least substantially into anti-phase to the main signal to provide an adjustment signal ?f(?). The filter assembly is further configured to combine (22) the adjustment signal with the main signal so as to provide the main signal attenuated in the stop-band.