Abstract: The inventive concepts provide a method for forming a hard mask pattern. The method includes forming a hard mask layer on an etch target layer disposed on a substrate, forming a photoresist pattern having an opening exposing one region of the hard mask layer, performing an oxygen ion implantation process on the one region using the photoresist pattern as a mask to form an oxidized portion in the one region, and patterning the hard mask layer using the oxidized portion as an etch mask.

Abstract: Provided is a phase error compensating apparatus. The phase error compensating apparatus may include a waveguide array disposed between a first free propagation region and a second free propagation region and configured to allow a light signal passed through the first free propagation region to move toward the second free propagation region, in which a length of each of the waveguides included in the waveguide array may be adjusted to compensate for a phase error of light signals passed through the waveguides.

Abstract: An optical fiber cable of a mobile fronthaul system based on a radio over fiber (RoF), which includes a control apparatus for monitoring an analog optical link according to an exemplary embodiment, may be monitored. The monitoring control apparatus may include an optical signal monitor to monitor an optical signal passing through an optical fiber cable, and a system controller to control the optical signal based on a result of the monitoring. The optical signal monitor may calculate an average optical power, carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR), and a size of a nonlinear component from an electrical signal, which has been acquired from the optical signal. Then, the optical signal monitor may control the calculated average optical power, CNR, and nonlinear component.

Abstract: An optical line terminal (OLT) of an Ethernet passive optical network (EPON) and an optical network unit (ONU) of the EPON. The OLT includes a frame allocator configured to allocate a plurality of frames to each of a plurality of wavelengths, and a frame outputter configured to output the frames through the wavelengths, in which each of the frames includes a frame sequence number corresponding to a sequence order of each frame. The ONU includes a frame receiver configured to receive a plurality of frames each including a frame sequence number and a frame arranger configured to arrange the frames in order based on the frame sequence number.

Abstract: Provided is an analog optical transmission system using a dispersion management technique. The analog optical transmission system may include a digital unit (DU) pool including a plurality of DUs to transmit an optical signal; a plurality of radio units (RUs) to receive the optical signal; and one or more dispersion management apparatus to remove a signal distortion component caused by an interaction between a chirp and chromatic dispersion by compensating for the chromatic dispersion before the plurality of RUs receives the optical signal that is transmitted from the DU pool.

Abstract: An optical signal transmission system and method of allocating center frequencies of intermediate frequency (IF) carriers in a frequency division multiplexing (FDM) optical fiber link. The optical signal transmission method includes determining a center frequency interval between modulated signals based on a bandwidth of the modulated signals or a center frequency of a modulated signal having a lowest center frequency, among the modulated signals, reallocating center frequencies to the modulated signals based on the center frequency interval between the modulated signals, and converting the modulated signals reallocated the center frequencies from electrical signal into optical signal and transmitting the optical signal.

Abstract: A portable device includes a keyboard unit; a display unit; a connection unit which is connected to each of the keyboard unit and the display unit, moves relatively with respect to each of the keyboard unit and the display unit, and supports the display unit so that the display unit covers or uncovers the keyboard unit; and a controller which is placed inside the connection unit and controls operation of the portable device.

Abstract: A microfluidic system for analyzing nucleic acid, the microfluidic system including a reagent supply device including a sample chamber into which a sample can be injected, one or more reagent chambers for containing one or more reagents for extracting nucleic acid from the sample, and a waste chamber in which the used reagent can be discarded; a binding-lysis chamber in which cells are captured from the sample and lysed to form a cell lysate containing nucleic acid; plurality of particles for cell binding disposed in the binding-lysis chamber; a plurality of rehydration chambers into which the cell lysate formed in the binding-lysis chamber can be distributed and mixed with a nucleic acid amplification reagent to form an amplification reaction mixture; a plurality of amplification chambers in which a nucleic acid amplification reaction is performed on the amplification reaction mixture introduced from the plurality of rehydration chambers; and a flow channel system including an outlet and a plurality of inlet

Abstract: A radio-over-fiber (RoF) transmission system includes at least one baseband unit (BBU) connected to a core network of a service provider that provides a mobile Internet service, an optical line terminal (OLT) configured to convert a radio signal received from the at least one BBU into an optical signal, an optical distribution network (ODN) comprising an optical fiber and an optical splitter, at least one optical network unit (ONU) configured to receive the optical signal from the OLT via the ODN and convert the optical signal into a radio signal, and at least one remote radio head (RRH) configured to receive the radio signal from the at least one ONU and output the radio signal via a plurality of antennas.

Abstract: A reagent supply device includes a plurality of chambers which are separated from each other such that different reagents may be injected, the plurality of chambers having bottom surfaces made of a membrane, the membrane comprising a destruction pattern which is formed at a position corresponding to each of the plurality of chambers and breachable by an external impact to discharge the injected reagent from the chamber.

Abstract: An optical line terminal (OLT) and an optical network unit (ONU) configured to generate a plurality of fragments by fragmenting a media access control (MAC) frame and to transmit the plurality of generated fragments, when a length of the MAC frame is greater than or equal to a maximum transmission unit (MTU).

Abstract: A flexible printed circuit board (FPCB) for an optical module includes: a signal via pad connected with a signal lead pin of the optical module; a ground layer spaced apart from the signal via pad; an isolation gap formed between the signal via pad and the ground layer; and a protective layer which is formed at a portion that comprises the isolation gap, and which, when connected with the signal via pad, compensates for parasitic inductance caused by a protruding signal lead pin.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an MRAM device includes sequentially forming a first insulating interlayer and an etch-stop layer on a substrate. A lower electrode is formed through the etch-stop layer and the first insulating interlayer. An MTJ structure layer and an upper electrode are sequentially formed on the lower electrode and the etch-stop layer. The MTJ structure layer is patterned by a physical etching process using the upper electrode as an etching mask to form an MTJ structure at least partially contacting the lower electrode. The first insulating interlayer is protected by the etch-stop layer so not to be etched by the physical etching process.

Abstract: Provided is a semiconductor device including an asymmetric electrode arrangement in which a plurality of electrodes are arranged asymmetrically in a vertical or horizontal direction.

Abstract: A resistive memory apparatus includes a memory cell array having a plurality of memory cells and a first ground switch. The plurality of memory cells are arranged in a plurality of rows and a plurality of columns, and each memory cell in a first column of the plurality of memory cells is connected between a first bitline and a first source line. The first ground switch is connected in parallel with the first source line, and the first ground switch is configured to selectively provide a first current path from the first bitline to ground through a selected memory cell in the first column of the plurality of memory cells and the first source line, the current path traversing only a portion of the first source line.

Abstract: A spindle motor having a turntable is disclosed, the spindle motor including a rotating rotation shaft, a turn table coupled to the rotation shaft to rotate along with the rotation shaft, and formed at a central upper surface with an accommodation groove, and a torque enhancement member coupled to the rotation shaft, and arranged inside the accommodation groove of the turn table to enhance a rotational torque of the turn table by depressing the turn table.

Abstract: The inventive concepts provide a method for forming a hard mask pattern. The method includes forming a hard mask layer on an etch target layer disposed on a substrate, forming a photoresist pattern having an opening exposing one region of the hard mask layer, performing an oxygen ion implantation process on the one region using the photoresist pattern as a mask to form an oxidized portion in the one region, and patterning the hard mask layer using the oxidized portion as an etch mask.

Abstract: Provided are a forming apparatus for forming a part of a flat panel-shaped glass in a curved surface by selectively heating only a formation part, and a forming method using the same. The forming apparatus includes a transfer device configured to transfer material having a flat panel shape and a curved surface forming device configured to form at least one part of the material in a curved surface, wherein the curved surface forming device includes a forming mold on which the material is seated, a heating unit configured to heat the at least one part of the material by laser light, and a jig unit configured to form the at least one part of the material heated by laser light in a curved surface.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cell culture assay. The present invention comprises: a substrate; a scaffold channel which is formed along the center inside the substrate, and of which at least one is disposed continuously, and inside which a scaffold flows; and a microfluidic channel or channels which is/are respectively formed on one side or on both sides of the scaffold channel, and inside which cells flow, and, here, a leak-preventing part for preventing the scaffold from leaking into the microfluidic channel(s) is formed in at least one of the ceiling surface and the floor surface of a boundary part of the scaffold channel and the microfluidic channel(s).

Abstract: A photonic crystal structure includes a nano structure layer including a plurality of nano particles of various sizes, and a photonic crystal layer on the nano structure layer. The plurality of nano particles are spaced apart from each other. The photonic crystal layer has a non-planar surface, and is configured to reflect light of a particular wavelength.