Abstract: A time-to-digital converter includes a phase-difference enhancement section configured to receive first and second input signals having a reference phase difference ?t, and to output first and second output signals having an enhanced phase difference; and a comparison section configured to receive the first and second output signals, to compare a phase difference between the first and second output signals with a reference delay time ?, and to output a comparison signal. The time-to-digital converter has a high resolution. That is to say, the time-to-digital converter has a resolution less than the minimum phase delay time of a delay element, which is obtainable in a corresponding semiconductor process.

Abstract: Provided is a microstrip transmission line for reducing far-end crosstalk. In a conventional microstrip transmission line on a printed circuit board, a capacitive coupling between adjacent signal lines is smaller than an inductive coupling therebetween, so that far-end crosstalk occurs. According to the present invention, the capacitive coupling between the adjacent signal lines is increased to reduce the far-end crosstalk. A vertical-stub type microstrip transmission line is provided.