Abstract: A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device including at least one of the following steps: (1) Forming a plurality of lower electrodes over a substrate. (2) Forming a first stop film over the lower electrodes. (3) Forming a filling layer over the first stop film. (4) Forming a second stop film over the filling layer. (5) Forming a first interlayer insulating layer over the second stop film. (6) Forming a plurality of upper electrodes over the first interlayer insulating layer. (7) Forming a second interlayer insulating layer over the upper electrodes. (8) Etching the second interlayer insulating layer and the first interlayer insulating layer to form a cavity. (9) Forming a contact ball in the cavity.

Abstract: Method for manufacturing a semiconductor device includes the steps of forming a lower electrode pattern on a substrate, forming a first interlayer insulating layer on the lower electrode pattern, forming an upper electrode pattern on the first interlayer insulating layer, forming a second interlayer insulating layer on the upper electrode pattern, forming an etch blocking layer on a side of the upper electrode pattern, wherein the etch blocking layer passes through the first interlayer insulating layer, forming a cavity which exposes the side of the etch blocking layer by etching the second interlayer insulating layer, and forming a contact ball in the cavity.

Abstract: A method for fabricating an image sensor having a pixel region and a logic region, which includes one of: (1) forming a photodiode in a substrate at the pixel region, (2) forming a first interlayer insulating layer on the substrate, (3) forming a first stop film on the first interlayer insulating layer, (4) forming an insulating film on the first stop film, (5) forming a second stop film on the insulating film, (6) forming at least one trench by selective etching of the second stop film and the insulating film positioned at the pixel region for exposing the first stop film, (7) forming conductive material on the second stop film to fill the at least one trench, and (8) forming a zero wiring layer in the at least one trench by planarizing the conductive material until the second stop film is exposed.

Abstract: An apparatus for processing an invalid operation in a prologue and/or an epilogue of a loop includes a register file including a first region for storing a data validity value indicating whether data is valid or invalid, and a second region for storing the data; and a functional unit configured to determine whether an operation is valid or invalid based on a value of a first region of each of one or more input sources received from the register file, and output a destination including a value based on the value of the first region of each of the input sources

Abstract: A mixed code, and a method and apparatus for encoding the same are provided. The mixed code includes a first code image region storing a first code image obtained by encoding first information using color, shading, or a combination thereof, and a second code image region storing a second code image obtained by encoding second information using color, shading, or a combination thereof. The first code image and/or the second code image includes the results of encoding interpretation information, construction information, error control information, and code direction information. The mixed code is made by adjusting the difference in color and brightness between the first and second code images to a predetermined level and combining these images.

Abstract: A method and apparatus to process customized recording contents includes generating customized replay control information at a time of recording contents. The method also includes extracting broadcasting-associated additional information from a broadcasting stream, extracting user interaction information by matching the extracted additional information with one or more viewing preferences of a user, selectively parsing the broadcasting stream according to the user interaction information to generate stream parsing information, and generating replay control information corresponding to the broadcasting stream based on the user interaction information and stream parsing information.

Abstract: A mixed code, and a method and apparatus for encoding the same are provided. The mixed code includes a first code image region storing a first code image obtained by encoding first information using color, shading, or a combination thereof, and a second code image region storing a second code image obtained by encoding second information using color, shading, or a combination thereof. The first code image and/or the second code image includes the results of encoding interpretation information, construction information, error control information, and code direction information. The mixed code is made by adjusting the difference in color and brightness between the first and second code images to a predetermined level and combining these images.

Abstract: A mixed code, and a method and apparatus for encoding the same are provided. The mixed code includes a first code image region storing a first code image obtained by encoding first information using color, shading, or a combination thereof, and a second code image region storing a second code image obtained by encoding second information using color, shading, or a combination thereof. The first code image and/or the second code image includes the results of encoding interpretation information, construction information, error control information, and code direction information. The mixed code is made by adjusting the difference in color and brightness between the first and second code images to a predetermined level and combining these images.

Abstract: A mixed code, and a method and apparatus for encoding the same are provided. The mixed code includes a first code image region storing a first code image obtained by encoding first information using color, shading, or a combination thereof, and a second code image region storing a second code image obtained by encoding second information using color, shading, or a combination thereof. The first code image and/or the second code image includes the results of encoding interpretation information, construction information, error control information, and code direction information. The mixed code is made by adjusting the difference in color and brightness between the first and second code images to a predetermined level and combining these images.

Abstract: Provided are a method and apparatus capable of reducing a metadata processing time associated with address mapping performed to input/output burst data at a high speed in a virtual file system of a storage unit having a plurality of non-volatile data storage media. The method includes: determining a block group including a block included in each of a plurality of the non-volatile data storage media; determining an access unit including each page included in the determined block group; and mapping an address of input/output data to the determined block group and the access unit. Therefore, it is possible to significantly reduce an address mapping processing time in the virtual file system that may function as a bottleneck in high-speed input/output in a large-capacity storage unit.

Abstract: A display apparatus is provided, which includes a motion recognition unit which recognizes a motion of an object that is located outside the display device, and a control unit which, when the motion of the object is recognized, determines a change amount that varies according to a motion speed or a motion distance of the object, and performs an operation which corresponds to the motion of the object according to the change amount. Accordingly, channel change or page shift can be easily performed.

Abstract: A three dimensional (3D) display system is provided, which includes a screen which displays a plurality of objects with different depth values from each other, the plurality of objects having circulating relationship according to the corresponding depth values thereof, a motion detecting unit which senses a user motion with respect to the screen, and a control unit which measures a user motion distance in z-axis direction with respect to the screen according to the user motion, using an output from the motion detecting unit, selects one from among the plurality of objects in accordance with the measured user motion distance in the z-axis direction, controls the depth value of the one selected object so that the one selected object is displayed in front of the plurality of objects on the screen, and controls the depth values of a rest of the plurality of objects according to the circulating relationship.

Abstract: An item selecting apparatus includes a movement detecting unit detecting a movement of a user, a screen displaying image information, a display image storage unit storing data to generate an image to be displayed on the screen, a display image generating unit generating an image to be displayed on the screen, and a control unit controlling so that a plurality of items is displayed on the screen in one of one-, two- and three-dimensional arrangements, in which the control unit receives a signal from the movement detecting unit to measure a movement of the object in at least one of x-, y- and z-axis directions and issues a command to select at least one from among the plurality of items or provides visual feedback thereto, in response to the measured movement of the user and in accordance with the arrangement of the plurality of items on the screen.

Abstract: Provided are a method and apparatus for wear-leveling of a nonvolatile data storage device, whereby a wear-leveling effect is maximized by storing an age value indicating a write time in each data unit of the nonvolatile data storage device and detecting a static data area based on age values. The method includes storing an age value indicating a write time in each unit assigned to write data therein, reading an age value stored in a unit, and determining a static data area based on the read age value. Accordingly, a static data area can be correctly detected without additional overhead, and a wear-leveling effect of the entire storage device can be increased by moving data to and from the static data area, thereby extending the lifespan of the storage device.

Abstract: A method for displaying a plurality of windows includes dividing a display screen into first and second display areas. The plurality of windows may be rearranged in the first and second display areas and new windows may be displayed in the first and second display areas based on prior windows displayed.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device and a driving method thereof are provided. The liquid crystal display includes a data driver that is operative to supply data to the data lines. The data have the same polarity for the liquid crystal cells that are adjacent horizontally and opposite polarities for the liquid crystal cells that are adjacent vertically. A gate driver is operative to supply scan signals to the gate lines. The scan signals have different swing widths from each other in accordance with a polarity of the data. The switch devices include a plurality of first switch devices and a plurality of second switch devices. The first switch devices are connected to the (n?1)th (where n is a positive integer of not less than 2) gate line and the second switch devices are connected to the nth gate line.

Abstract: A portable storage device and a method of controlling a user interface (UI) using the same. The method includes obtaining first UI information using a UI when the portable storage device is connected to a host, transmitting the obtained first UI information to an application of the host, and displaying second UI information provided by the application of the host using the UI.

Abstract: Provided are a method and apparatus for decoding a mixed code that is a combination of first and second code images. In the method, a mixed code image is obtained by receiving the original image having the mixed code image and removing noise from the original image. Next, the colors, shades, and brightnesses of pixels of the mixed code image are categorized into groups based on a predetermined threshold, the mixed code image is divided into first and second code images, and first and second information are extracted by decoding the first and second code images, respectively. The first and second code images can be effectively decoded by decoding interpretation information, construction information, error control information, and code direction information stored in the first and/or second code images.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device estimates the level of erosion generated in CMP of a plug by using a monitoring pattern that defines uniformly a hole array size (split a) and the length (split b) of the space between arrays.

Abstract: Provided are a method and apparatus for decoding a mixed code that is a combination of first and second code images. In the method, a mixed code image is obtained by receiving the original image having the mixed code image and removing noise from the original image. Next, the colors, shades, and brightnesses of pixels of the mixed code image are categorized into groups based on a predetermined threshold, the mixed code image is divided into first and second code images, and first and second information are extracted by decoding the first and second code images, respectively. The first and second code images can be effectively decoded by decoding interpretation information, construction information, error control information, and code direction information stored in the first and/or second code images.