Abstract: A mixed code, and a method and apparatus for encoding the same are provided. The mixed code includes a first code image region storing a first code image obtained by encoding first information using color, shading, or a combination thereof, and a second code image region storing a second code image obtained by encoding second information using color, shading, or a combination thereof. The first code image and/or the second code image includes the results of encoding interpretation information, construction information, error control information, and code direction information. The mixed code is made by adjusting the difference in color and brightness between the first and second code images to a predetermined level and combining these images.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for programming a non-volatile data storage device, in which a fast write operation can be performed using a plurality of page buffers included in the non-volatile data storage device when the write operation is performed in a way of using interleaving for each channel in a multi-channel system using a plurality of non-volatile data storage devices. The method includes programming data in a memory cell array included in the non-volatile data storage device using a page buffer selected from among a plurality of page buffers included in the non-volatile data storage device and performing a setup operation for loading data using another page buffer, which is different from the page buffer selected during the programming.

Abstract: An image sensor and manufacturing method thereof are provided. The image sensor can includes a semiconductor substrate including a light receiving element, a metal interconnection layer having a trench, a guide pattern on a sidewall of the trench, and a color filter in the trench. Since the color filter can be formed in the trench, a length of a light path can be reduced, thereby improving the performance of the image sensor.

Abstract: A portable memory device supporting a plurality of interfaces includes a body, a first connector disposed on an end of the body, a slider adjacent to the body so as to slide back and forth between a first position exposing the first connector and a second position covering the first connector, a second connector disposed on an end of the slider to connect the portable memory device to another electronic device via an interface different from an interface that the first connector supports, and a memory disposed inside the body and connected to the first connector and the second connector.

Abstract: A method and device to seamlessly reproduce contents includes receiving contents being reproduced in a first reproduction device from the first reproduction device, when the reproduction of the contents is stopped in the first reproduction device, receiving contents reproduction stopping point information from the first reproduction device, and outputting the contents and the contents reproduction stopping point information to a second reproduction device by using the contents reproduction stopping point information.

Abstract: Provided are method and apparatus to provide user-customized content using mark log information of a user to provide content that are customized according to a user. The method includes display selected content, generating mark log information of a user according to markings of the displayed content, searching content related to the mark log information on a server and linking the content found via the searching to the mark log information.

Abstract: Provided are a method and apparatus capable of reducing a metadata processing time associated with address mapping performed to input/output burst data at a high speed in a virtual file system of a storage unit having a plurality of non-volatile data storage media. The method includes: determining a block group including a block included in each of a plurality of the non-volatile data storage media; determining an access unit including each page included in the determined block group; and mapping an address of input/output data to the determined block group and the access unit. Therefore, it is possible to significantly reduce an address mapping processing time in the virtual file system that may function as a bottleneck in high-speed input/output in a large-capacity storage unit.

Abstract: Provided are a method and apparatus for processing multimedia content and metadata in order to efficiently manage the metadata. The method includes forming an audio/video content file structure comprising a plurality of fundamental units for storing multimedia data and metadata, and adding metadata update related information to each of the fundamental units.

Abstract: A method and apparatus to process customized recording contents includes generating customized replay control information at a time of recording contents. The method also includes extracting broadcasting-associated additional information from a broadcasting stream, extracting user interaction information by matching the extracted additional information with one or more viewing preferences of a user, selectively parsing the broadcasting stream according to the user interaction information to generate stream parsing information, and generating replay control information corresponding to the broadcasting stream based on the user interaction information and stream parsing information.

Abstract: Provided are to a dye-sensitized solar cell and method of manufacturing the same. The dye-sensitized solar cell includes a lower electrode having a carbon nanorod layer, and a dye layer provided between an upper electrode and the lower electrode and which includes a carbon nanotube.

Abstract: A method and device for controlling commands used for a flash memory are provided. The method includes, substantially reducing usage of a central processing unit (CPU) and a bus, when controlling the flash memory, by receiving information on at least one command currently stored in a system memory, receiving a command represented by the received information from the system memory, and generating an interrupt representing that all the commands are received, when receiving of substantially all the commands represented by the received information is completed.

Abstract: Provided is a method of partitioning a storage area of a recording medium and a recording medium using the method, and a method of accessing a recording medium and a recording device using the method, capable of storing partition information used for partitioning a predetermined storage area included in the recording medium into a number of storage sub-areas in a first storage sub-area of the recording medium, and storing authority information which indicates whether an access instruction for accessing one of the partitioned storage sub-areas has authority to access the storage sub-area in a second storage sub-area. Accordingly, on a user's point, a read-only memory (ROM) area and a random access memory (RAM) area may be simultaneously provided to a NAND flash memory. On a content provider's point, desired contents are prevented from being deleted, and an additional space for storing added contents can be guaranteed.

Abstract: Provided are a method and apparatus for mapping texture onto a 3-dimensional (3D) object model. The method includes converting object model data, in which at least one object is modeled, into object model data of a predetermined view point, generating raster graphics data expressing the texture of the object by data in pixel units based on vector graphics data expressing the texture of the object in a geometrical equation, and mapping the texture formed of the generated raster graphics data onto an object model expressed by the converted object model data. By using the method, the amount of resources and operations are low, and thus various effects can be realized which could not be realized due to a limit in processing speed. Accordingly, an appearance of reality of a 3D image can be remarkably improved.

Abstract: An image editing method of inputting a vector graphic component and editing and utilizing an original image in various forms in a portable display device is provided. The method includes inputting an original image to be edited, inputting a vector graphic component to be added to the original image, and editing the vector graphic component together with the original image. Accordingly, an image can be conveniently edited, even when using limited hardware, such as the portable display device.

Abstract: Provided are a method and apparatus for wear-leveling of a nonvolatile data storage device, whereby a wear-leveling effect is maximized by storing an age value indicating a write time in each data unit of the nonvolatile data storage device and detecting a static data area based on age values. The method includes storing an age value indicating a write time in each unit assigned to write data therein, reading an age value stored in a unit, and determining a static data area based on the read age value. Accordingly, a static data area can be correctly detected without additional overhead, and a wear-leveling effect of the entire storage device can be increased by moving data to and from the static data area, thereby extending the lifespan of the storage device.

Abstract: A command scheduling method and apparatus for reducing the complexity of a virtual file system embodied in a nonvolatile data storage device and performing efficient interleaving by setting a preparation phase of a command schedule in the virtual file system embodied in the nonvolatile data storage device is provided. The method includes setting a preparation phase in which a plurality of metadata commands for data management are executed, and if the plurality of metadata commands are completely executed in the preparation phase, executing data read/write commands. Accordingly, by simplifying the scheduling structure of the virtual file system (FTL), code size and resource use can be reduced. In addition, by performing exact interleaving, burst data transmission between a host and a memory storage device can be achieved even without using a large capacity buffer.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for programming a non-volatile data storage device, in which a fast write operation can be performed using a plurality of page buffers included in the non-volatile data storage device when the write operation is performed in a way of using interleaving for each channel in a multi-channel system using a plurality of non-volatile data storage devices. The method includes programming data in a memory cell array included in the non-volatile data storage device using a page buffer selected from among a plurality of page buffers included in the non-volatile data storage device and performing a setup operation for loading data using another page buffer, which is different from the page buffer selected during the programming.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device and a driving method thereof are provided. The liquid crystal display includes a data driver that is operative to supply data to the data lines. The data have the same polarity for the liquid crystal cells that are adjacent horizontally and opposite polarities for the liquid crystal cells that are adjacent vertically. A gate driver is operative to supply scan signals to the gate lines. The scan signals have different swing widths from each other in accordance with a polarity of the data. The switch devices include a plurality of first switch devices and a plurality of second switch devices. The first switch devices are connected to the (n-1)th (where n is a positive integer of not less than 2) gate line and the second switch devices are connected to the nth gate line.