Abstract: A membrane electrode assembly includes an anode; a cathode; a membrane disposed between the anode and the cathode; and an extended catalyzed layer between the membrane and at least one electrode of the anode and the cathode. The extended catalyzed layer includes catalyst particles embedded in membrane material and preferably includes a first plurality of particles which are electrically connected to the at least one electrode. The extended catalyzed layer may further preferably have a second plurality of particles which are electrically disconnected from the at least one electrode.

Abstract: A particulate control system which includes a collector such as an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is improved by incorporation of a collector, such as an electrostatically enhanced separator (EES) connected parallel with the collector and wherein the output flow from the collector is split and a portion of the output flow from the collector is directed through the separator. The input flow to the collector may also be split so that a portion is directed to the separator as well as the collector. A bleed line may also be employed to connect the separator to the collector resulting in a bleed flow from the separator to the collector.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for carrying out electrophoretic separation is provided which imparts a fractal field component to the particles themselves or to the medium in which the particles are to be separated which, in combination with a steady field component, provides for a fast electrophoretic separation method that can be used on molecules and particles of a larger size than currently available electrophoretic methods.