Abstract: A display panel includes a base substrate, a common electrode, a liquid crystal layer, a pixel electrode, a gate line, a data line, a switching element, a color filter and a light blocking pattern. The base substrate includes a trench. The common electrode is disposed in the trench. The liquid crystal layer is disposed in the trench and disposed on the common electrode. The pixel electrode is disposed on the base substrate and the liquid crystal layer. The gate line, the data line and the switching element are disposed on the base substrate and the pixel electrode. The color filter and the light blocking pattern are disposed on the gate line, the data line and the switching element.

Abstract: A method for forming a fine exposure pattern where a width and an interval of the pattern are each 1CD, by first exposing a photoresist by using an exposure mask where an interval ratio of a light shielding part and a light transmission part is 2CD:1CD to 4CD:1CD, and then second exposing the photoresist after the exposure mask is shifted at a predetermined interval, or second exposing the photoresist by using an exposure mask formed at a position where a light transmission part is shifted at a predetermined interval, and developing the photoresist, such that it is possible to form a display device having a pixel electrode including a plurality of fine branch electrodes having a smaller width and interval than a resolution of an exposure apparatus.

Abstract: Electro-mechanical oscillating devices designed to convert the frequency of electrical signal(s) and methods associated with the same are described. One example of such a frequency converting device is a mixer.