Abstract: An electronic device may include a display having an array of display pixels on a substrate. The display pixels may be organic light-emitting diode display pixels or display pixels in a liquid crystal display. In an organic light-emitting diode display, hybrid thin-film transistor structures may be formed that include semiconducting oxide thin-film transistors, silicon thin-film transistors, and capacitor structures. The capacitor structures may overlap the semiconducting oxide thin-film transistors. Organic light-emitting diode display pixels may have combinations of oxide and silicon transistors. In a liquid crystal display, display driver circuitry may include silicon thin-film transistor circuitry and display pixels may be based on oxide thin-film transistors. A single layer or two different layers of gate metal may be used in forming silicon transistor gates and oxide transistor gates. A silicon transistor may have a gate that overlaps a floating gate structure.

Abstract: A display may have an array of pixels arranged in rows and columns. Display driver circuitry may be provided along an edge of the display. Data lines that are associated with columns of the pixels may be used to distribute data from the display driver circuitry to the pixels. Gate lines in the display may each have a horizontal straight portion that extends along a respective row of the pixels and may each have one or more non-horizontal segments such as zigzag segments. The non-horizontal portion of each gate line may be connected to the horizontal straight portion of the gate line by a via. The non-horizontal portions may each have portions that are overlapped by portions of the data lines. Dummy gate line structures may be provided on the display that are not coupled to any of the pixels in the display.

Abstract: Display backplanes and pixel element structures are described. In an embodiment, a pixel electrode is located between two stacked data lines, with a left edge of the pixel electrode being separated from a first lower data line by approximately a same distance as a right edge of the pixel electrode is separated from a second lower data line.

Abstract: A display may have an array of pixels formed from organic light-emitting diodes and thin-film transistor circuitry. A planarization layer may be interposed between the thin-film transistor circuitry and the organic light-emitting diodes. To protect the organic light-emitting diodes from photoactive compounds that may be outgassed from the planarization layer, an inorganic barrier layer may be interposed between the planarization layer and the organic light-emitting diodes. The inorganic barrier layer may be formed on top of and/or below a pixel definition layer that defines light-emitting zones for the organic light-emitting diodes. In another suitable arrangement, the inorganic barrier layer may itself define light-emitting zones and may be used in place of a polymer-based pixel definition layer. The inorganic barrier layer may include trenches in which the emissive material of the light-emitting diodes is formed.

Abstract: A display may have an array of pixels arranged in rows and columns. Each pixel may have a transistor for controlling the amount of output light associated with that pixel. The transistors may be thin-film transistors having active areas, first and second source-drain terminals, and gates. Gate lines may be used to distribute gate control signals to the gates of the transistors in each row. Data lines that run perpendicular to the gate lines may be used to distribute image data along columns of pixels. The gate lines may be connected to gate line extensions that run parallel to the data lines. The data lines may each overlap a respective one of the gate line extensions. Vias may be used to connect the gate line extensions to the gate lines. The gate line extensions may all have the same length.

Abstract: A component such as a display may have a substrate and thin-film circuitry on the substrate. The thin-film circuitry may be used to form an array of pixels for a display or other circuit structures. Metal traces may be formed among dielectric layers in the thin-film circuitry. Metal traces may be provided with insulating protective sidewall structures. The protective sidewall structures may be formed by treating exposed edge surfaces of the metal traces. A metal trace may have multiple layers such as a core metal layer sandwiched between barrier metal layers. The core metal layer may be formed from a metal that is subject to corrosion. The protective sidewall structures may help prevent corrosion in the core metal layer. Surface treatments such as oxidation, nitridation, and other processes may be used in forming the protective sidewall structures.

Abstract: This application relates to methods and apparatus for refreshing a display device at various frequencies. Specifically, multiple areas of the display device can be refreshed concurrently at different frequencies. In this way, when static content is being displayed in certain areas of the display device, those certain areas can be refreshed at a lower rate than areas displaying dynamic content such as video or animation. By refreshing at lower rates, the energy consumed by the display device and subsystems associated with the display device can be reduced. Additionally, processes for reducing flicker when refreshing the display device at different refresh rates are disclosed herein.

Abstract: The border routing of conductive traces in devices, such as displays, touch sensor panels, and touch screens, to improve border area space usage, thereby reducing device size, and to reduce trace resistance, thereby improving device operation, is disclosed. The conductive traces can form a staggered stair-step configuration in the device border area, in which the average widths of the traces can be different from each other and each trace can have segments with different widths. The conductive traces can be coupled to an active area of the device to transmit signals to and from the active area in accordance with a device operation. The varying widths can help improve the border area space usage, reduce trace resistance, and reduce the differences in resistance between traces.

Abstract: A display may have an array of organic light-emitting diodes that form an active area on a flexible substrate. Metal traces may extend between the active area and an inactive area of the flexible substrate. Display driver circuitry such as a display driver integrated circuit may be attached to a flexible printed circuit that is attached to the flexible substrate in the inactive area. The metal traces may extend across a bend region in the flexible substrate. The flexible substrate may be bent in the bend region. The flexible substrate may be locally thinned in the bend region. A neutral stress plane adjustment layer may cover the metal traces in the bend region. The neutral stress plane adjustment layer may include polymer layers such as an encapsulation layer, a pixel definition layer, a planarization layer, and a layer that covers a pixel definition layer and planarization layer.

Abstract: Integrated touch screens are provided including drive lines formed of grouped-together circuit elements of a thin film transistor layer and sense lines formed between a color filter layer and a material layer that modifies or generates light. The common electrodes (Vcom) in the TFT layer can be grouped together during a touch sensing operation to form drive lines. Sense lines can be formed on an underside of a color filter glass, and a liquid crystal region can be disposed between the color filter glass and the TFT layer. Placing the sense lines on the underside of the color filter glass, i.e., within the display pixel cell, can provide a benefit of allowing the color filter glass to be thinned after the pixel cells have been assembled, for example.

Abstract: A display may have an array of pixels. Display driver circuitry may supply data and control signals to the pixels. Each pixel may have seven transistors, a capacitor, and a light-emitting diode such as an organic light-emitting diode. The seven transistors may receive control signals over three control lines, may receive data over a data line, may receive a reference voltage from a reference voltage terminal, and may receive power from a pair of power supply terminals. The display driver circuitry may repeatedly operate each pixel in an initialization phase in which the drive transistor is preconditioned with on-bias stress, a data loading and threshold voltage sampling phase, and an emission phase.

Abstract: A display may have an active area surrounded by an inactive border area. The display may be a liquid crystal display having a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between a color filter layer and a thin-film transistor layer. An upper polarizer may have a polarized central region that overlaps the active area of the display. The upper polarizer may also have an unpolarized portion in the inactive border area overlapping the border structures. The border structures may include colored material such as a white layer on the inner surface of the thin-film transistor layer. Binary information may be embedded into an array of programmable resonant circuits. The binary information may be a display identifier or other information associated with a display. The programmable resonant circuits may be tank circuits with adjustable capacitors, fuses, or other programmable components.

Abstract: Displays with touch sensing circuitry integrated into the display pixel stackup are provided. An integrated touch screen can include multi-function circuit elements that can operate as circuitry of the display system to generate an image on the display, and can also form part of a touch sensing system that senses one or more touches on or near the display. The multi-function circuit elements can be, for example, capacitors in display pixels that can be configured to operate as storage capacitors/electrodes, common electrodes, conductive wires/pathways, etc., of the display circuitry in the display system, and that may also be configured to operate as circuit elements of the touch sensing circuitry.

Abstract: Integrated touch screens are provided including drive lines formed of grouped-together circuit elements of a thin film transistor layer and sense lines formed between a color filter layer and a material layer that modifies or generates light. The common electrodes (Vcom) in the TFT layer can be grouped together during a touch sensing operation to form drive lines. Sense lines can be formed on an underside of a color filter glass, and a liquid crystal region can be disposed between the color filter glass and the TFT layer. Placing the sense lines on the underside of the color filter glass, i.e., within the display pixel cell, can provide a benefit of allowing the color filter glass to be thinned after the pixel cells have been assembled, for example.

Abstract: A display may have an array of pixels arranged in rows and columns. Each pixel may have a transistor for controlling the amount of output light associated with that pixel. The transistors may be thin-film transistors having active areas, first and second source-drain terminals, and gates. Gate lines may be used to distribute gate control signals to the gates of the transistors in each row. Data lines that run perpendicular to the gate lines may be used to distribute image data along columns of pixels. The gate lines may be connected to gate line extensions that run parallel to the data lines. The data lines may each overlap a respective one of the gate line extensions. Vias may be used to connect the gate line extensions to the gate lines. The gate line extensions may all have the same length.

Abstract: A display may have an array of pixels controlled by display driver circuitry. Gate driver circuitry supplies gate line signals to rows of the pixels. The gate driver circuitry may include blocks of gate driver circuits each having an output coupled to a respective one of the gate lines. The gate driver circuits of each block are coupled in a chain to form a shift register. Each block has a local block-level gate start pulse generator. The display driver circuitry has a display driver circuit that supplies a gate start pulse clock to each of the local block-level gate start pulse generators. The local block-level gate start pulse generators create gate start pulses that are applied to the first gate driver circuit in each shift register. The display driver circuit may delay the gate start pulse clock when it is desired to implement an intraframe pause.

Abstract: A display may have an array of organic light-emitting diode display pixels. Each display pixel may have a light-emitting diode that emits light under control of a drive transistor. Each display pixel may also have control transistors for compensating and programming operations. The array of display pixels may have rows and columns. Row lines may be used to apply row control signals to rows of the display pixels. Column lines (data lines) may be used to apply display data and other signals to respective columns of display pixels. A bottom conductive shielding structure may be formed below each drive transistor. The bottom conductive shielding structure may serve to shield the drive transistor from any electric field generated from the adjacent row and column lines. The bottom conductive shielding structure may be electrically floating or coupled to a power supply line.

Abstract: A touch screen is disclosed that includes conductive elements in a display area and connecting traces for routing the conductive elements to other locations. The connecting traces can be routed underneath or over existing opaque structures in the display area, instead of in border areas adjacent to the display area, to minimize the effect of the connecting traces on the display aperture ratio. The lengths and/or widths of these connecting traces as well as the number of parallel connecting traces used to connect to a particular element can be selected to balance the load on the drive and/or sense circuitry and on display pixels caused by the connecting traces.

Abstract: A display may have a color filter layer and a thin-film transistor layer. A layer of liquid crystal material may be located between the color filter layer and the thin-film transistor (TFT) layer. The TFT layer may include thin-film transistors formed on top of a glass substrate. A passivation layer may be formed on the thin-film transistor layers. An oxide liner may be formed on the passivation layer. A first low-k dielectric layer may be formed on the oxide liner. A second low-k dielectric layer may be formed on the first low-k dielectric layer. A common voltage electrode and associated storage capacitance may be formed on the second low-k dielectric layer. Thin-film transistor gate structures may be formed in the passivation layer. Conductive routing structures may be formed on the oxide liner, on the first low-k dielectric layer, and on the second low-k dielectric layer.

Abstract: A method of simulating print color on mobile devices, comprising: obtaining a second group of tristimulus values by a chromaticity measuring device through a measuring method; creating a CIEXYZ color space of the mobile device by the second group of tristimulus values, and transforming the CIEXYZ color space to a sRGB color space via a 1D lookup table and a transformation matrix; obtaining a print color from a ICC profile of an output device by 3D lookup table and generating a second color calibrated profile by finding another color, similar to the print color from the ICC profile of the output device, in the sRGB color space through tone mapping; and simulating the print color on a screen of the mobile device by using the second color calibrated profile, whereby the user can directly preview the printed photo on the screen thereby achieving saving print ink and time.