Abstract: In a step for forming a contact through hole in a protective film that covers a Thin Film Transistor (TFT) to connect a source electrode of the TFT and a pixel electrode to each other, location of a later-formed contact through hole is designed to be apart not less than 2.0 &mgr;m from location of the opening of an overcoat layer, which opening is formed on the protective film. This construction forces the opening of a novolac type photosensitive resist to be positioned inside the location of the opening of the overcoat layer and therefore, the contact through hole formed in the protective film is able to have a tapered cross sectional profile that is never affected by the opening of the overcoat layer, allowing for stable connection between the source electrode and the pixel electrode.

Abstract: An active matrix substrate plate having superior properties is manufactured at high yield using four photolithographic fabrication steps. In step 1, the scanning line and the gate electrode extending from the scanning line are formed in the glass plate. In step 2, the gate insulation layer and the semiconductor layer comprised by amorphous silicon layer and n+ amorphous silicon layer is laminated to provide the semiconductor layer for the TFT section. In step 3, the transparent conductive layer and the metallic layer are laminated, and the signal line, the drain electrode extending from the signal line, the pixel electrode and the source electrode extending from the pixel electrode are formed, and the n+ amorphous silicon layer of the channel gap is removed by etching. In step 4, the protective insulation layer is formed, and the protective insulation layer and the metal layer above the pixel electrode are removed by etching.

Abstract: This invention provides a liquid-crystal display where both pixel electrode 14 and common electrode 3 for controlling a liquid-crystal layer 40 are disposed above a color filter 10 covered with a shield electrode 20.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device which includes first and second organic interlaminar insulating films between pixel electrode and wire. The first interlaminar insulating film directly covers source electrode, source wire, drain electrode and back channel. Underlying one of the organic interlaminar insulating films directly contacts a channel part of a TFT. This provides an active matrix type liquid crystal display device with high transmittance and capable of bright displaying, which includes an active matrix wiring substrate having a structure of overlapping wires with a pixel electrode. The device can be prepared at low cost only through 5 photolithographic steps, i.e., without increasing the photolithographic steps as compared with those of the prior liquid crystal display device having high aperture ratio.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display and a method of operating such liquid crystal display in which display operation is performed by changing a director of said liquid crystal molecules mainly in a plane parallel to first and second substrate forming a liquid crystal display panel. Liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal display panel have a negative anisotropy of permittivity. The liquid crystal display comprises: a first common electrode disposed on the side of said first substrate; an insulating layer formed on the first common electrode; at least one pixel electrodes each of which is formed on the insulating layer and has a plurality of opening portions; a second common electrode disposed on the side of the second substrate.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device which includes first and second organic interlaminar insulating films between pixel electrode and wire. The first interlaminar insulating film directly covers source electrode, source wire, drain electrode and back channel. Underlying one of the organic interlaminar insulating films directly contacts a channel part of a TFT. This provides an active matrix type liquid crystal display device with high transmittance and capable of bright displaying, which includes an active matrix wiring substrate having a structure of overlapping wires with a pixel electrode. The device can be prepared at low cost only through 5 photolithographic steps, i.e., without increasing the photolithographic steps as compared with those of the prior liquid crystal display device having high aperture ratio.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device comprises a transparent insulator substrate, switching elements which are formed on the transparent insulator substrate, a passivation layer for passivating the switching elements, color filters of prescribed colors which are formed on the passivation layer so that no color filter will be formed in areas around contact holes, black matrixes as shields for preventing light leakage which are formed on the passivation layer after the formation of the color filters so as to cover at least the switching elements and so that no black matrix will be formed in areas around the contact holes, an overcoat layer which is formed on the color filters and the black matrixes, pixel electrodes formed on the overcoat layer, lead electrodes of the switching elements for being connected to corresponding pixel electrodes, and contact holes which are formed through the overcoat layer and the passivation layer for establishing connection between the pixel electrodes and lead electrodes of the switch

Abstract: This invention provides a color liquid-crystal panel comprising the first substrate having pixel electrodes on which are formed a thin-film transistor as a switching element for each pixel, which is covered by a passivation film, and a color filter layer and a black matrix on the passivation film, which are covered by an overcoat layer, and where the first substrate and the second substrate having a transparent common electrode facing the first substrate are put together via a sealer, forming an inner space which is filled with a liquid-crystal material, wherein a frame-shaped black matrix is formed on the first substrate, covering the periphery of the first substrate.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device is made up of a TFT substrate, an opposed substrate and a liquid crystal layer arranged between these substrates, in which the TFT substrate is provided with gate lines, data lines and TFT on its transparent insulative substrate, in addition, a passivation film is provided so as to cover them. Color filter is provided on the passivation film, and black matrix is provided at corresponding area to above part of the TFT and to above part of the data line on the color filter. In addition, a first overcoat layer with film thickness of degree of 1 to 3 &mgr;m is provided so as to cover the black matrix. Further, a second overcoat layer with film thickness of approximate 0.5 &mgr;m is provided at the whole surface except for a contact hole. Furthermore, a pixel electrode is provided on pixel formation area on the second overcoat layer.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display device comprising a first substrate 101 having a color filter, a second substrate 131 and a liquid crystal layer disposed therebetween, a color filter layer 110 is disposed on a protection film 108 of a thin film transistor formed on the first substrate 101 so as to be partitioned by a light shielding portion 111, and a common electrode 103 is disposed thereon. A pixel electrode to be connected to a source electrode 107 is disposed through a through hole formed in an overcoat layer (interlayer separation film) 112. On the first substrate below the color filter layer 110 are provided plural scan signal electrodes, plural video signal electrodes crossing the scan signal electrodes in a matrix form, plural thin film transistors formed in association with the crossing points between the electrodes.

Abstract: An LCD including a pair of transparent dielectric substrates, liquid crystal sandwiched between the transparent dielectric substrates; a TFT formed overlying the first transparent dielectric substrate, a first dielectric film made of non-photosensitive resin and a second dielectric film made of photosensitive resin which cover the inner side surface of a through-hole formed in the first and the second dielectric films. The yield and the reliability of the LCD are elevated because of the smooth shape of the second dielectric film.

Abstract: In an active matrix substrate of the IPS system, the present invention performs patterning of a protective film covering a TFT using a photosensitive resin based on an acrylic resin, and uses the acrylic resin as it is as a leveling layer after opening the protective film. Therefore, the leveling layer can be formed on the protective film without increasing the number of steps and suppressing the rubbing non-uniformity becomes possible.

Abstract: An active matrix substrate plate having superior properties is manufactured at high yield using four photolithographic fabrication steps. In step 1, the scanning line and the gate electrode extending from the scanning line are formed in the glass plate. In step 2, the gate insulation layer and the semiconductor layer comprised by amorphous silicon layer and n+ amorphous silicon layer is laminated to provide the semiconductor layer for the TFT section. In step 3, the transparent conductive layer and the metallic layer are laminated, and the signal line, the drain electrode extending from the signal line, the pixel electrode and the source electrode extending from the pixel electrode are formed, and the n+ amorphous silicon layer of the channel gap is removed by etching. In step 4, the protective insulation layer is formed, and the protective insulation layer and the metal layer above the pixel electrode are removed by etching.

Abstract: A semiconductor device suitable for use in a flat display LCD according to an active matrix display type device comprising a-Si thin film transistor (TFT) elements is provided. The TFT which is a forward stagger type transistor is produced by, forming a light shielding film 2 and, after forming a source electrode 5, a drain electrode and a drain signal line 6a, and gate electrode 10 and a gate signal line 10a, the light shielding film 2 is removed excluding the area covered by those electrode and signal lines. The number of manufacturing steps of this type of TFT is reduced by this manufacturing method which results in a reduction in the manufacturing cost. Furthermore, the TFT manufactured by this method is provided with a higher aperture which improves its operating performance.

Abstract: An optical communication processs is capable of avoiding errors resulting from stray reflection of the transmitted optical signals. For this purpose, the optical receptor of an apparatus is disabled during the transmission of optical signals from the optical transmitter of this apparatus.

Abstract: A clock device having a clock circuit to produce time data outputs of hour, minute and second, and an operational circuit to perform predetermined operations based on the time data outputs from the clock device, wherein the changing information for "day", "hour", and "minute" in the data outputs is forwarded to the operational circuit prior to change in the real time.

Abstract: Heavy hydrocarbon oils are converted into light hydrocarbon oils by two-stage process wherein, in the first stage, a heavy hydrocarbon oil is subjected to thermal cracking conditions and, in the second stage, the product of the thermal cracking is subjected to a hydrotreatment in the presence of a specific catalyst having a large pore volume in pores with diameters of 200-400 .ANG.. The hydrotreatment is carried out so that the product oil may have a toluene insoluble content of 0.5 wt % or less.

Abstract: Heavy hydrocarbon oils are converted into light hydrocarbon oils by two-stage process wherein, in the first stage, a heavy hydrocarbon oil is subjected to thermal cracking conditions and, in the second stage, the product of the thermal cracking is subjected to a hydrotreatment in the presence of a specific catalyst including, as a carrier, a clay mineral consisting mainly of magnesium silicate having a double-chain structure such as sepiolite.

Abstract: A paper feed device for the printer of an electronic calculator or the like, has a paper detector which comprises a light-emitting diode and a phototransistor having registered optical axes. If a paper sheet is not detected when a paper feed key or the like is depressed, the paper sheet feed operation continues, even after the paper feed key is released, until the paper detector detects the paper sheet. Operability of paper feed is improved. The rest position in the printer of the leading edge of the paper sheet is determined by the position of the paper detector to thereby determine a constant printing position for the paper.

Abstract: Electronic data processing equipment such as an electronic computer is provided which is capable of specifying the radix or unit of input numerical data entered together with the radix or unit information manually keyed-in or automatically identified even without receiving such information. A number expressed in one radix or unit is converted into a number expressed in another radix or unit so that the arithmetic operations between the numbers expressed in different radices or units will be executed in a common radix or unit. The result may be displayed in either one of the radices or units.