Abstract: A blood-vessel recognition blood-flow measurement method including: obtaining a real-time Doppler spectrum by performing a Fourier transform on a temporal waveform of the intensity of scattered light of laser light in a living body; calculating a normalized real-time Doppler spectrum and a normalized zero spectrum; calculating a region spectrum from a subtracted spectrum that is calculated through subtraction of these calculated spectra; calculating a PS reference spectrum by subtracting, from the region spectrum, the maximum value of the region spectrum in a predetermined PS reference region; calculating an average frequency on the basis of a computational spectrum that is obtained by replacing an element of which the PS reference spectrum is negative with zero; and determining a blood flow velocity by comparing the calculated average frequency with a predetermined threshold.

Abstract: It is possible to observe imaging subjects, such as cells or the like, without causing an increase in the apparatus size. Provided is an observation apparatus including: a flat-plate-like stage formed of an optically transparent material on which a container accommodating a sample is placed; a deflecting member that is disposed below the stage and that deflects light coming from the sample on the stage into a substantially horizontal direction; an objective lens that collects the light deflected by the deflecting member; and an image-acquisition device that captures the light collected by the objective lens.

Abstract: A surgical treatment device is provided with: an action portion; a light emitting part that radiates laser light onto living tissue; a light receiving part that receives scattered light of the laser light scattered by the living tissue; a light detection unit that detects the intensity of the scattered light received by the light receiving part; a frequency analysis unit that obtains time-series data indicating a temporal change in the intensity of the scattered light detected by the light detection unit, to extract an amount of frequency spectrum shift of the scattered light, included in the time-series data; and a determination unit that determines a feature of a blood vessel in the living tissue on the basis of the amount of frequency spectrum shift.

Abstract: Provided is an observation apparatus and an observation method with which it is possible to observe imaging subjects, such as cells or the like, without labeling the imaging subjects and without causing an increase in the apparatus size. Provided is an observation apparatus including: a light-source unit that emits illumination light upward from below a sample; and an image-capturing optical system that has an objective lens that collects transmitted light, which is the illumination light emitted from the light-source unit that has passed through the sample by being reflected above the sample and that captures, below the sample, the transmitted light collected by the objective lens.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an intermediate product for an interposer including a glass substrate having a plurality of through holes is provided. The method includes a step of forming a resin layer on a support substrate, and a step of forming a laminated body by adhering the glass substrate having the plurality of through holes on the resin layer. The glass substrate having the plurality of through holes has a thickness within a range of 0.05 mm to 0.3 mm.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an intermediate product for an interposer including a glass substrate having a plurality of through holes is provided. The method includes a step of forming a resin layer on a support substrate, and a step of forming a laminated body by adhering the glass substrate having the plurality of through holes on the resin layer. The glass substrate having the plurality of through holes has a thickness within a range of 0.05 mm to 0.3 mm.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a glass component includes preparing a glass substrate having a thickness greater than or equal to 300 ?m, forming first electric wires on a first surface of the glass substrate, forming a structure by joining the glass substrate via a resin layer to a support substrate such that the first surface of the glass substrate faces the resin layer, thinning the glass substrate from a second surface of the glass substrate to a thickness between 10 ?m and 80 ?m, forming through holes in the glass substrate by irradiating the glass substrate from the second surface with a laser beam, forming second electric wires on the second surface of the glass substrate such that the second electric wires are electrically connected to the corresponding first electric wires via conductors filling the through holes, and separating the glass substrate from the support substrate.

Abstract: Provided is a microscope provided with: a scanner that scans an excitation beam coming from a light source; an objective optical system that focuses the scanned excitation beam onto a sample and that collects fluorescence generated at individual scanning positions in the sample; a detector that detects the collected fluorescence; a light blocking member that is disposed between the detector and the system and that partially blocks the collected fluorescence; a switching portion that switches the positional relationship between the member and a light-focusing point of the excitation beam in the sample between an optically conjugate positional relationship, in which an in-focus fluorescence generated at the light-focusing point passes through the member, and a non-conjugate positional relationship, in which the in-focus fluorescence is blocked by the member; and a computing portion that computes a difference between fluorescence signals acquired by the detector in the two positional relationships.

Abstract: A temperature detecting apparatus includes a temperature detecting circuit configured to output a first pulse signal according to a temperature detected by a temperature sensor, and an insulating transformer configured to transmit the first pulse signal to an integrated circuit which is operated by an operation voltage different from that of the temperature detecting circuit. The insulating transformer is installed between the temperature detecting circuit and the integrated circuit. The temperature detecting circuit and the insulating transformer are mounted on a common substrate.

Abstract: While one beam is being branched into a plurality of beams with different optical path lengths, the beams can be converged on the same position in the optical-axis direction with a simple structure even when relative angles between the beams differ. Provided is a beam splitter apparatus including at least one beam splitter that branches the input pulsed beam into two; at least two light-guide members with different optical path lengths that propagate the pulsed beams branching off via the beam splitter; and a reflection optical system that endows a plurality of pulsed beams emitted from exit ends of the plurality of light-guide members with a relative angle and that converges the plurality of pulsed beams on the same position.

Abstract: A scanning rate is increased without causing the light utilization efficiency to decrease. An optical scanning device includes a polarization switching unit that switches the polarization direction of a beam at a predetermined switching timing; at least one polarization beam splitter that splits the beam into two optical paths in accordance with the polarization direction switched by the polarization switching unit; a reflecting optical system that causes the beams split by the polarization beam splitter to have relative angles in the same plane so as to make the beams meet at the same location; and a scanner that scans the beams made to meet at the same location by means of the reflecting optical system in a direction parallel to the plane in synchronization with the switching timing of the polarization switching unit.

Abstract: A laser scanning type observation apparatus includes a pulsed-laser oscillation means irradiating pulsed laser to an object, a detector receiving light from the object to output a detection signal, a means detecting pulsed-laser oscillation to output a synchronous signal, a circuit delaying the synchronous signal for an optional amount of time to output a trigger signal, a means sampling the detection signal in synchronization with the trigger signal, a memory storing the sampled detection signal, a setting unit capable of setting delay time for delaying the synchronous signal in two or more stages within one period of the synchronous signal, and a decision unit determining an optimum delay stage for image formation using data on intensities of the detection signal at the respective delay stages, wherein the setting means fixes delay time for delaying the synchronous signal at delay time corresponding to the delay stage determined by the decision unit.

Abstract: Provided is an optical scanning apparatus including: a deflector capable of deflecting an entering beam while switching an advancing direction thereof among a plurality of direction at a predetermined switching timing; a mirror array including a plurality of angle setting mirrors that are placed at angles different from one another on respective optical paths of the beams deflected by the deflector, each of the angle setting mirrors reflecting the beam while giving thereto a relative angle on the same plane for each optical path, and gathering the beam on the same point; and a first scanner that is provided so as to be swingable about an axial line perpendicular to the plane in synchronization with the switching timing, the first scanner reflecting each beam that is caused by the mirror array to enter the same point from a different direction and applying for scanning the beam along the same trajectory.

Abstract: A beam splitter apparatus including demultiplexing portions that split an input pulsed light beam into a plurality of optical paths; relay optical systems that individually relay the pulsed light beams in the plurality of optical paths; a multiplexing portion that multiplexes the plurality of pulsed light beams that have been relayed through the optical paths; and delaying portions and divergence-angle setting portions that respectively give the pulsed light beams, which are individually guided through the plurality of optical paths, relative time delays that are large enough to separate the signal lights and divergence angles that are different from each other.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a glass component includes preparing a glass substrate having a thickness greater than or equal to 300 ?m, forming first electric wires on a first surface of the glass substrate, forming a structure by joining the glass substrate via a resin layer to a support substrate such that the first surface of the glass substrate faces the resin layer, thinning the glass substrate from a second surface of the glass substrate to a thickness between 10 ?m and 80 ?m, forming through holes in the glass substrate by irradiating the glass substrate from the second surface with a laser beam, forming second electric wires on the second surface of the glass substrate such that the second electric wires are electrically connected to the corresponding first electric wires via conductors filling the through holes, and separating the glass substrate from the support substrate.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an intermediate product for an interposer including a glass substrate having a plurality of through holes is provided. The method includes a step of forming a resin layer on a support substrate, and a step of forming a laminated body by adhering the glass substrate having the plurality of through holes on the resin layer. The glass substrate having the plurality of through holes has a thickness within a range of 0.05 mm to 0.3 mm.

Abstract: A temperature detecting apparatus includes a temperature detecting circuit configured to output a first pulse signal according to a temperature detected by a temperature sensor, and an insulating transformer configured to transmit the first pulse signal to an integrated circuit which is operated by an operation voltage different from that of the temperature detecting circuit. The insulating transformer is installed between the temperature detecting circuit and the integrated circuit. The temperature detecting circuit and the insulating transformer are mounted on a common substrate.

Abstract: A laser scanning type observation apparatus includes a pulsed-laser oscillation means irradiating pulsed laser to an object, a detector receiving light from the object to output a detection signal, a means detecting pulsed-laser oscillation to output a synchronous signal, a circuit delaying the synchronous signal for an optional amount of time to output a trigger signal, a means sampling the detection signal in synchronization with the trigger signal, a memory storing the sampled detection signal, a setting unit capable of setting delay time for delaying the synchronous signal in two or more stages within one period of the synchronous signal, and a decision unit determining an optimum delay stage for image formation using data on intensities of the detection signal at the respective delay stages, wherein the setting means fixes delay time for delaying the synchronous signal at delay time corresponding to the delay stage determined by the decision unit.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a glass substrate having a through hole, includes preparing a glass substrate having an average coefficient of thermal expansion in a range of 55×0?7/K to 120×10?7/K at 50° C. to 300° C., and a thickness of 0.2 mm or greater and 1 mm or less, and forming the through hole in the glass substrate using a laser-guided discharge technique.

Abstract: Provided is an optical scanning apparatus including: a deflector capable of deflecting an entering beam while switching an advancing direction thereof among a plurality of direction at a predetermined switching timing; a mirror array including a plurality of angle setting mirrors that are placed at angles different from one another on respective optical paths of the beams deflected by the deflector, each of the angle setting mirrors reflecting the beam while giving thereto a relative angle on the same plane for each optical path, and gathering the beam on the same point; and a first scanner that is provided so as to be swingable about an axial line perpendicular to the plane in synchronization with the switching timing, the first scanner reflecting each beam that is caused by the mirror array to enter the same point from a different direction and applying for scanning the beam along the same trajectory.