Abstract: A component is provided for a human-powered vehicle. The component includes a component body, a strain gauge provided on the component body, a signal processing unit electrically connected to the strain gauge, a signal output that outputs a signal from the signal processing unit, and an electric power input electrically connected to the signal processing unit and supplied with electric power from a power supply provided on at least one of the human-powered vehicle and the component body. The strain gauge includes a substrate and a resistor provided on the substrate. The resistor is formed by a metal layer having a thickness of 0.01 micrometers or greater and 1 micrometer or less.

Abstract: A component is provided for a human-powered vehicle. The component includes a component body, a strain gauge provided on the component body, a signal processing unit electrically connected to the strain gauge, a signal output that outputs a signal from the signal processing unit, and an electric power input electrically connected to the signal processing unit and supplied with electric power from a power supply provided on at least one of the human-powered vehicle and the component body. The strain gauge includes a substrate and a resistor provided on the substrate. The resistor is formed by a metal layer having a thickness of 0.01 micrometers or greater and 1 micrometer or less.

Abstract: A component is provided for a human-powered vehicle. The component includes a component body, a single substrate, a resistor, an electric wire, a signal processing unit, a signal output, and an electric power input. The single substrate is provided on the component body. The resistor is formed on the single substrate and forms a strain gauge with part of the single substrate. The electric wire is formed on the single substrate and electrically connected to the resistor. The signal processing unit is formed or directly mounted on the single substrate and electrically connected to the electric wire. The signal output outputs a signal from the signal processing unit. The electric power input is electrically connected to the signal processing unit and supplied with electric power from a power supply provided on at least one of the human-powered vehicle and the component body.

Abstract: A solar cell includes: a first electrode; a first hole transport layer containing nickel; an inorganic material layer containing titanium; a light-absorbing layer converting light into electric charge; and a second electrode. The first electrode, the first hole transport layer, the inorganic material layer, the light-absorbing layer, and the second electrode are layered in that order. The light-absorbing layer contains a perovskite compound represented by a formula AMX3, where A is a monovalent cation, M is a divalent cation, and X is a monovalent anion.

Abstract: A solar cell includes: a first electrode; a first hole transport layer containing nickel; an inorganic material layer containing titanium; a light-absorbing layer converting light into electric charge; and a second electrode. The first electrode, the first hole transport layer, the inorganic material layer, the light-absorbing layer, and the second electrode are layered in that order. The light-absorbing layer contains a perovskite compound represented by a formula AMX3, where A is a monovalent cation, M is a divalent cation, and X is a monovalent anion.

Abstract: A solar cell includes: a first electrode; a hole transport layer containing nickel, lithium, and oxygen; a light-absorbing layer converting light into electric charge; and a second electrode. The first electrode, the hole transport layer, the light-absorbing layer, and the second electrode are layered in that order. The light-absorbing layer contains a perovskite compound represented by a formula AMX3, where A is a monovalent cation, M is a divalent cation, and X is a monovalent anion. A concentration of lithium in a first portion of the hole transport layer is less than a concentration of lithium in a second portion of the hole transport layer, the first portion facing the light-absorbing layer, the second portion facing the first electrode.

Abstract: An organic EL element includes an anode and a cathode that are disposed at opposed positions, a functional layer and a hole injection layer that are stacked between the anode and the cathode, the functional layer containing an organic material, and the hole injection layer being for injecting holes into the functional layer. The hole injection layer includes a transition metal oxide as a main component, and contains at least one of Al and Mg.

Abstract: An organic light-emitting device includes: an organic light-emitting device that includes: a cathode; an anode facing the cathode; a functional layer located between the cathode and the anode, the functional layer including a light-emitting layer; and an electron-injection layer located between the cathode and the functional layer, the electron-injection layer at least partially composed of a metallic compound containing a metal element, wherein the electron-injection layer includes crystal grains in which the metallic compound is crystallized and the metal element has a d10 electron configuration in the outermost shell, and at least one of the crystal grains is in contact with both the cathode and the functional layer.

Abstract: An organic EL element including: an anode and a cathode disposed to face each other with a gap therebetween; a functional layer that contains an organic material and is disposed between the anode and the cathode; and an electron injection layer that has a function to inject electrons into the functional layer and is disposed between the anode and the cathode. The electron injection layer contains a metal oxide with d0 electron configuration, and a Fermi level of the electron injection layer is located in a vicinity of a lower end of a conduction band of the electron injection layer.

Abstract: A perovskite solar cell includes: a first electrode; an electron transport layer on the first electrode, containing a semiconductor; a porous layer on the electron transport layer, containing a porous material; a light-absorbing layer on the porous layer, containing a first compound and a second compound different from the first compound, the first compound having a perovskite structure represented by a compositional formula ABX3 where A represents a monovalent cation, B represents a divalent cation, and X represents a halogen anion, the second compound containing the divalent cation; and a second electrode on the light-absorbing layer. A ratio of a number of moles of the monovalent cation in the light-absorbing layer to a number of moles of the divalent cation in the light-absorbing layer is 0.5 or more and 0.9 or less.

Abstract: A solar cell includes a first electrode; a light-absorbing layer, on the first electrode, containing a first compound and a second compound different from the first compound, the first compound having a perovskite structure represented by a compositional formula ABX3 where A represents a monovalent cation, B represents a divalent cation, and X represents a halogen anion, the second compound containing the divalent cation; and a second electrode on the light-absorbing layer. The light-absorbing layer satisfies 0.05?[A]/[B]?0.99, where [A] is a number of moles of the monovalent cation in the light-absorbing layer, and [B] is a number of moles of the divalent cation in the light-absorbing layer.

Abstract: An organic EL element includes a hole injection layer that yields excellent hole conduction efficiency. The organic EL element includes an anode, a cathode, and functional layers that include organic material between the anode the cathode. The functional layers include a hole injection layer that injects holes into the functional layers. The hole injection layer is a metal oxide film that includes a metal oxide. The metal atoms constituting the metal oxide include both metal atoms at a maximum valence thereof and metal atoms at a valence less than the maximum valence, and the metal oxide film includes metal oxide crystals having a particle diameter on the order of nanometers.

Abstract: A sheave positioning device is provided. A valve element is arranged on a flow path to close the flow path when pushed in a direction against a pressure from hydraulic chambers, and a valve closing mechanism is also arranged on the flow path to generate a thrust force for pushing the valve element in the direction against a pressure from the hydraulic chambers. The valve closing mechanism is adapted to generate the thrust force, which is larger than a load to be applied to the valve element to push the valve element in a direction to open the valve element in case a predetermined speed change ratio is being set, but smaller than a load to be applied to the valve element to push the valve element in a direction to open the valve element in case the pressure in the hydraulic chambers is raised to the maximum pressure.

Abstract: An organic EL element including anode, hole injection layer, buffer layer, light-emitting layer, and cathode, layered on substrate in the stated order, and banks defining a light-emission region, and having excellent light-emission characteristics, due to the hole injection layer having excellent hole injection efficiency, being a tungsten oxide layer including an oxygen vacancy structure, formed under predetermined conditions to have an occupied energy level within a binding energy range from 1.8 eV to 3.6 eV lower than a lowest binding energy of a valence band, and after formation, subjected to atmospheric firing at a temperature within 200 ° C. -230 ° C. inclusive for a processing time of 15-45 minutes inclusive to have increased film density and improved dissolution resistance against an etching solution, a cleaning liquid, etc., used in a bank forming process.

Abstract: An organic EL element includes: an anode; a cathode; a buffer layer; and a hole injection layer between the anode and the buffer layer, the hole injection layer including a nickel oxide including both nickel atoms with a valence of three and nickel atoms with a valence of two. In the hole injection layer, a ratio of the number of nickel atoms with a valence of three to the number of nickel atoms with a valence of two, expressed in percentage, is equal to or greater than 60%.

Abstract: An organic light-emitting device includes: an organic light-emitting device that includes: a cathode; an anode facing the cathode; a functional layer located between the cathode and the anode, the functional layer including a light-emitting layer; and an electron-injection layer located between the cathode and the functional layer, the electron-injection layer at least partially composed of a metallic compound containing a metal element, wherein the electron-injection layer includes crystal grains in which the metallic compound is crystallized and the metal element has a d10 electron configuration in the outermost shell, and at least one of the crystal grains is in contact with both the cathode and the functional layer.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide organic EL elements operating at low voltage to emit light at high intensity. For this aim, each EL element includes an anode, a cathode, a functional layer disposed between the anode and the cathode and including a light-emitting layer composed of organic material, a hole injection layer disposed between the anode and the functional layer, and a bank defining the light-emitting layer. The hole injection layer contains tungsten oxide and exhibits: by UPS measurement, a UPS spectrum having a protrusion appearing near a Fermi surface and within a region corresponding to a binding energy range lower than the top of a valence band; and by XPS measurement, that the tungsten oxide in the hole injection layer satisfies a condition that a ratio in number density of atoms other than tungsten atoms and oxygen atoms to the tungsten atoms is equal to 0.83 or smaller.

Abstract: Method for manufacturing organic EL element including anode, hole injection layer, buffer layer, light-emitting layer, and cathode, layered on substrate in the stated order, and banks defining a light-emission region, and having excellent light-emission characteristics, due to the hole injection layer having excellent hole injection efficiency, being a tungsten oxide layer including an oxygen vacancy structure, formed under predetermined conditions to have an occupied energy level within a binding energy range from 1.8 eV to 3.6 eV lower than a lowest binding energy of a valence band, and after formation, subjected to atmospheric firing at a temperature within 200° C.-230° C. inclusive for a processing time of 15-45 minutes inclusive to have increased film density and improved dissolution resistance against an etching solution, a cleaning liquid, etc., used in a bank forming process.

Abstract: Method for manufacturing organic EL element including anode, hole injection layer, buffer layer, light-emitting layer, and cathode, layered on substrate in the stated order, and banks defining a light-emission region, and having excellent light-emission characteristics, due to the hole injection layer having excellent hole injection efficiency, being a tungsten oxide layer including an oxygen vacancy structure, formed under predetermined conditions to have an occupied energy level within a binding energy range from 1.8 eV to 3.6 eV lower than a lowest binding energy of a valence band, and after formation, subjected to atmospheric firing at a temperature within 200° C.-230° C. inclusive for a processing time of 15-45 minutes inclusive to have increased film density and improved dissolution resistance against an etching solution, a cleaning liquid, etc., used in a bank forming process.

Abstract: An organic EL element comprises: an anode; a cathode; a buffer layer; and a hole injection layer between the anode and the buffer layer. The hole injection layer includes a nickel oxide that includes both nickel atoms with a valence of three and nickel atoms with a valence of two. At least part of the hole injection layer has a crystal structure AaNibOc that includes nickel, a metal element A, and oxygen, the nickel including nickel atoms with a valence of three, and the metal element A differing from nickel and including metal A atoms with a valence of three.