Abstract: An electrochromic display device comprising two electrode substrates, at least one of which is transparent is prepared by applying a solution containing one or more transition metal compounds under an inert atmosphere to the surface of at least one of said electrode substrates. Then, the solution is dried so as to form an electrochromic layer on the surface of the electrode substrate. The drying is carried out by using a temperature ranging between room temperature and 120.degree. C. Finally, the two electrode substrates are fixed in a manner to face each other with an ionic conductor layer or electrolyte layer disposed therebetween to obtain the electrochromic display device.

Abstract: Polynuclear dicarboxylatotetrachromium (III) complexes are produced by reacting a dicarboxylic acid with a monobasic chromic (III) salt in a proportion of 4 moles of monobasic chromic (III) salt to 1 mole of dicarboxylic acid. Surface treating agents comprising these complexes provide a surface with desirable properties such as durable water repellency, adhesiveness, antistatic properties, etc.

Abstract: A liquid crystal color display device which comprises a first electrode; a first substrate whose surface has a property of orientating the molecules of a nematic liquid crystal parallel with said surface; a second electrode; a second substrate whose surface has a property of orientating the molecules of the nematic liquid crystal perpendicular to said surface; a nematic liquid crystal interposed between the first and second substrates; at least one polarizer; and a means whereby the birefringence of the liquid crystal cell is changed to display various colors.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine has a throttle opener arrangement whereby a throttle valve is slightly opened during deceleration of the engine in response to intake manifold vacuum and a distributor with a vacuum spark timing control system. The vacuum spark timing control system is exposed to the intake manifold vacuum during deceleration of the engine to retard the spark timing.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device comprises a substrate having a surface treated with a solution including at least one kind of carboxylatochromium (III) complex, and a liquid crystal in contact with the treated surface of the substrate, in which the treated surface has the property of orientating a liquid crystal molecule in a predetermined direction to the substrate surface.