Abstract: A signal transmission circuitry is a circuitry that transmits a signal from a first system on a transmission side to a second system on a reception side. The first system includes an inductor, a first current source controlled by a first switch, a second current source connected in series with the first current source via the inductor and controlled by a second switch, a third switch connected in parallel with the first current source and controlling connection with a ground point, and a fourth switch connected in parallel with the second current source and controlling connection with the ground point.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a polymerizable monomer represented by the general formula (1), wherein R1 is a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydrocarbon group or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; R2 is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group, a cyclic alkyl group, an aromatic group, or a substituent having at least two of these groups, the R2 being optionally partially fluorinated; R3 is a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbon group that is optionally branched, a fluorine-containing alkyl group, or a cyclic group having an aromatic or alicyclic structure, the R3 optionally containing a bond of an oxygen atom or carbonyl group; and n is an integer of 1-2.

Abstract: A process for producing a fluorine-containing acrylic acid ester represented by CH2?C(Rf)(COOR) characterized in that 1-bromo-1-perfluoroalkylethene represented by CH2?CBr—Rf, or 1,2-dibromo-1-perfluoroalkylethane represented by CH2CBr—CHBr—Rf is allowed to react with an alcohol represented by ROH in the presence of a palladium catalyst, carbon monoxide, and two or more kinds of bases. The fluorine-containing acrylic acid ester is a useful compound having wide applications in materials for pharmaceuticals and functional polymers.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a method for purifying/separating a 2-fluoro-3-oxoalkylcarboxylic acid ester from a reaction mixture resulting from the fluorination of a 3-oxoalkylcarboxylic acid ester. The method involves depleting the reaction mixture of a hydrogen fluoride byproduct; and subsequently, separating the 2-fluoro-3-oxoalkylcarboxylic acid ester by distillation. The 2-fluoro-3-oxoalkylcarboxylic acid ester obtained by the method of the invention is highly pure and is thus suitable for use as an intermediate for the production of pharmacological products or agricultural chemicals.

Abstract: A method for producing 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol in which a ?-hydroxybutyric acid salt is reacted with 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloroethane to generate 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol is provided. This method leads to increased yields of 2,2,2 -trifluoroethanol, facilitates the separation of salt byproducts and allows the recycling of an aprotic polar solvent. The present invention concerns a method for producing 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol in which a ?-hydroxybutyric acid salt is reacted with 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloroethane in an aprotic polar solvent to generate 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol. This method is characterized in that the ?-hydroxybutyric acid salt used contains no more than 6 wt % of 4,4?-oxybis(butyric acid).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a polymerizable monomer represented by the general formula (1), wherein R1 is a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydrocarbon group or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; R2 is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group, a cyclic alkyl group, an aromatic group, or a substituent having at least two of these groups, the R2 being optionally partially fluorinated; R3 is a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbon group that is optionally branched, a fluorine-containing alkyl group, or a cyclic group having an aromatic or alicyclic structure, the R3 optionally containing a bond of an oxygen atom or carbonyl group; and n is an integer of 1-2.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a polymerizable monomer represented by the general formula (1), wherein R1 is a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydrocarbon group or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; R2 is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group, a cyclic alkyl group, an aromatic group, or a substituent having at least two of these groups, the R2 being optionally partially fluorinated; R3 is a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbon group that is optionally branched, a fluorine-containing alkyl group, or a cyclic group having an aromatic or alicyclic structure, the R3 optionally containing a bond of an oxygen atom or carbonyl group; and n is an integer of 1–2.

Abstract: An ?-pentafluoroethyl acrylic acid derivative represented by the general formula [I]: [wherein R represents a hydrogen atom, a non-substituted or substituted aromatic ring, or a straight or branched alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon(s) which may have a cyclic moiety optionally substituted with at least one substituent (halogen atom, hydroxyl group, straight or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon(s) which may have a cyclic moiety, non-substituted or substituted aromatic group)].

Abstract: A process for producing a fluorine-containing acrylic acid ester represented by CH2?C(Rf)(COOR) characterized in that 1-bromo-1-perfluoroalkylethene represented by CH2?CBr—Rf, or 1,2-dibromo-1-perfluoroalkylethane represented by CH2CBr—CHBr—Rf is allowed to react with an alcohol represented by ROH in the presence of a palladium catalyst, carbon monoxide, and two or more kinds of bases. The fluorine-containing acrylic acid ester is a useful compound having wide applications in materials for pharmaceuticals and functional polymers.

Abstract: A process for producing a 2-fluoro-3-oxoalkylcarboxylic acid ester by fluorinating 3-oxoalkylcarboxylic acid ester with a fluorine gas is provided. The process is characterized in that the concentration of 3-oxoalkylcarboxylic acid ester in the reaction mixture for fluorination is maintained at 3 wt % or higher. Also provided is a process for purifying 2-fluoro-3-oxoalkylcarboxylic acid ester characterized in that 2-fluoro-3-oxoalkylcarboxylic acid ester is produced at high yield and with less impurities by washing fluorinated 3-oxoalkylcarboxylic acid ester with 3 or more times as much water as the amount of reaction mixture. According to the processes of the present invention, not only is the generation of unwanted by-products minimized, but fluorinated 3-oxoalkylcarboxylic acid ester can be purified in an efficient manner.

Abstract: A method for producing fluorinated alcohols from fluorinated alkyl halides can produce fluorinated alcohols at high product yield and at high selectivity in a single-step reaction. The method eliminates the need to use heavy metals and other toxic compounds that are difficult to handle or process. Specifically, the method produces a fluorinated alcohol represented by the following general formula (2): Rf(A)OH??(2) wherein Rf represents a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; and A represents a straight-chained or branched saturated hydrocarbon group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms. The method is characterized in that it allows a fluorinated alkyl halide represented by the following general formula (1) to react with an alkali metal salt of 4-hydroxybutyrate in a gamma-butyrolactone solvent: Rf(A)X??(1) wherein Rf and A are as defined above; and X represents a halogen atom.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for the preparation of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol by reacting a &ggr;-hydroxybutyric acid salt with 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloroethane which brings about an increase in the yield of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol and enables easy separation of by-product salts and recovery and recycling of an aprotic polar solvent. The invention relates to a process for the preparation of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol by reacting a &ggr;-hydroxybutyric acid salt with 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloroethane in an aprotic polar solvent, characterized by using a &ggr;-hydroxybutyric acid salt having a 4,4′-oxydibutyric acid content of 6 wt % or below.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a method for purifying/separating a 2-fluoro-3-oxoalkylcarboxylic acid ester from a reaction mixture resulting from the fluorination of a 3-oxoalkylcarboxylic acid ester. The method involves depleting the reaction mixture of a hydrogen fluoride byproduct; and subsequently, separating the 2-fluoro-3-oxoalkylcarboxylic acid ester by distillation. The 2-fluoro-3-oxoalkylcarboxylic acid ester obtained by the method of the invention is highly pure and is thus suitable for use as an intermediate for the production of pharmacological products or agricultural chemicals.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a polymerizable monomer represented by the general formula (1), 1

Abstract: The present invention relates to a polymerizable monomer represented by the general formula (1), wherein R1 is a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydrocarbon group or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; R2 is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group, a cyclic alkyl group, an aromatic group, or a substituent having at least two of these groups, the R2 being optionally partially fluorinated; R3 is a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbon group that is optionally branched, a fluorine-containing alkyl group, or a cyclic group having an aromatic or alicyclic structure, the R3 optionally containing a bond of an oxygen atom or carbonyl group; and n is an integer of 1-2.

Abstract: A method for producing fluorinated alcohols from fluorinated alkyl halides can produce fluorinated alcohols at high product yield and at high selectivity in a single-step reaction. The method eliminates the need to use heavy metals and other toxic compounds that are difficult to handle or process.

Abstract: A process for producing a 2-fluoro-3-oxoalkylcarboxylic acid ester by fluorinating 3-oxoalkylcarboxylic acid ester with a fluorine gas is provided. The process is characterized in that the concentration of 3-oxoalkylcarboxylic acid ester in the reaction mixture for fluorination is maintained at 3 wt % or higher. Also provided is a process for purifying 2-fluoro-3-oxoalkylcarboxylic acid ester characterized in that 2-fluoro-3-oxoalkylcarboxylic acid ester is produced at high yield and with less impurities by washing fluorinated 3-oxoalkylcarboxylic acid ester with 3 or more times as much water as the amount of reaction mixture. According to the processes of the present invention, not only is the generation of unwanted by-products minimized, but fluorinated 3-oxoalkylcarboxylic acid ester can be purified in an efficient manner.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a polymerizable monomer represented by the general formula (1), 1

Abstract: A novel process is provided for producing a 5-perfluoroalkyl-5,6-dihydrouracil represented by General Formula (1): ##STR1## (where R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl, and Rf is a perfluoroalkyl of 1 to 10 carbons). The process comprises reacting .alpha.-perfluoroalkylacrylic acid represented by General Formula (2):CH.sub.2 =C(Rf)--COOH (2)with a urea derivative represented by General Formula (3):R.sup.1 NHCONHR.sup.2 (3)in the presence of acetic anhydride with formed acetic acid being removed out of the reaction system during the reaction. The .alpha.-perfluoroalkylacrylic acid may be added successively. A process for producing a 5-perfluoroalkyl-5-bromo-6-hydrouracil by General Formula (4) is also provided: ##STR2## (where R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and Rf are as defined above) wherein the reaction of a 5-perfluoroalkyl-5,6-dihydrouracil produced by the above process with bromine is conducted in water as the solvent.

Abstract: A process for producing a polymer having sulfonic acid groups is provided which comprises treating a polymer having sulfonate salt groups with a ion-exchange resin to change the sulfonate salt groups into sulfonate acid groups with porous-type strongly acidic cation exchange resin. A process for producing a tertiary alcohol is also provided which comprises hydration of olefin by use of the aforementioned polymer as the catalyst. By the process, a tertiary alcohol is produced by hydration of olefin with high selectivity at low cost.