Abstract: Disclosed is an optical element that has high quality with respect to heat resistance and light resistance, as well as high quality with respect to light transmittance. The optical element includes a thermosetting resin and fine particles, and difference between refractive index of the thermosetting resin n1 and refractive index of the fine particles n2, |n1?n2| satisfies a condition of 0?|n1?n2|?0.1.

Abstract: This invention provides a silver halide emulsion, a silver halide photographic material and an image forming method, which is excellent in high sensitivity, good gradation, coating composition store stability and latent image store stability regardless exposing method, particularly excellent latent image store stability at high intensity and shot period exposure of digital exposure, and by which a high quality print is obtained. The silver halide emulsion contains silver halide grains having silver chloride content of at least 90 mol %, silver iodide content of 0-2.0 mol %, and silver bromide content of 0.02-5.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to suppress adherence of dust or stain due to the environment and provide an optical element that can maintain optical characteristic for a long period of time, and achieve high durability and reliability. It is also another object of the invention to provide an optical pickup apparatus with good pickup characteristic, using the optical element. Disclosed is an optical element, including: plastic compound, wherein charging characteristic of the optical element is not less than +2 kV and not more than +15 kV, and transmission of the optical element for a light flux having a wavelength of 405 nm is not less than 85%.

Abstract: In an automatic gain control circuit of a demodulating circuit, power values of pieces of symbol information I and Q of in-phase components and quadrature components of a modulated signal are calculated, a power difference between each power value and an ideal power value is detected, and an AGC control signal is produced to adjust a gain of the modulated signal according to the AGC control signal in a demodulating system including the demodulating circuit. Therefore, when an amount of noise included in the modulated signal is low, an average value of the power differences is reduced to zero, and the modulated signal can be correctly demodulated to a demodulated signal. To correctly demodulate the modulated signal including a large amount of noise, after the conversion of the AGC control signal, a sweep counter value is added to the AGC control signal so as to minimize a bit error rate of the demodulated signal.

Abstract: A BPSK phase detection unit assumes that an input signal is a BPSK modulated signal in detecting a phase error of a recovered carrier and an 8PSK phase detection unit assumes that the input signal is an 8PSK modulated signal in detecting the phase error of the recovered carrier. An 8PSK frequency detection unit assumes that the input signal is an 8PSK modulated signal in detecting a frequency error of the recovered carrier. A selector selects the phase error detected by the BPSK phase detection unit or the phase error detected by the 8PSK phase detection unit. A carrier recovery unit recovers a carrier by adjusting a phase of the input signal, based on the selected phase error and the frequency error.

Abstract: This invention provides a silver halide emulsion, a silver halide photographic material and an image forming method, which is excellent in high sensitivity, good gradation, coating composition store stability and latent image store stability regardless exposing method, particularly excellent latent image store stability at high intensity and shot period exposure of digital exposure, and by which a high quality print is obtained. The silver halide emulsion contains silver halide grains having silver chloride content of at least 90 mol %, silver iodide content of 0-2.0 mol %, and silver bromide content of 0.02-5.0 mol %, and containing at least two kinds of Group 8 metal compounds containing at least one iridium compound inside of the silver halide grains, in which the silver halide grains are subjected to selenium sensitization in presence of a compound represented by formula (S).

Abstract: A silver halide emulsion comprising silver halide grains containing at least 90 mol % chloride, 0.02 to 5.0 mol % bromide and 0 to 2.

Abstract: A silver halide emulsion which exhibits superior latent image stability when subjected to subjected to digital exposure at a high intensity for a short time is disclosed, comprising silver halide gains containing at least 90 mol % chloride, 0.02 to 5.0 mol % bromide and 0 to 2.0 mol % iodide, based on silver and occluding at least one Group 8 metal compounds and at least one iridium compound, and the silver halide grains are subjected to selenium sensitization which is undergone in the presence of at least one of compounds represented by the following formulas and silver or gold sulfide grains. A preparation method of the emulsion is also disclosed.

Abstract: A silver halide emulsion comprising silver halide grains containing at least 90 mol % chloride, 0.02 to 5.0 mol % bromide and 0 to 2.0 mol % iodide, which is prepared by a process comprising (i) forming a silver halide grain emulsion, (ii) subjecting the silver halide emulsion to desalting and (iii) subjecting the desalted silver halide emulsion to chemical sensitization by adding a chemical sensitizer, wherein in the step (iii), at least one compound represented by the following formula (1) to (4) is added before adding a chemical sensitizer and at least one compound represented by the following formula (1) to (4) is further added after adding a chemical sensitizer.

Abstract: An apparatus for examining a subject's brain functions acquires two or more indexes of pupillary indexes that show the subject's pupillary characteristics, visual indexes that show the subject's visual system functions, intelligence evaluating indexes that are results of the an intelligence test carried out on the subject, and behavior evaluating indexes that show the results the subject's behavior examination. Two or more indexes are stored in a memory and outputted from an output unit. By combining two or more kinds of independent indexes, accurate determination of dementia cases and further the degree of senescence of brain functions can be achieved. In addition, the brain function examining apparatus puts together a number of a plurality of indexes by the multivariate calculation and converts the indexes into different values of fewer numbers.

Abstract: A silver halide emulsion containing silver halide grains comprising silver chlorobromide grains or silver chloroiodobromide grains, wherein each of silver halide grains has a silver chloride content of not less than 98% and comprises a silver bromide-containing layer having a silver bromide content of 0.5 to 5%, and the silver bromide-containing layer is located at a depth of 0 to 0.01 &mgr;m from the surface of the grain. A silver halide emulsion comprising silver halide grains containing Compound A having adsorptivity to silver, wherein each of the silver halide grains has a silver chloride content of not less than 90% has a core-shell structure comprised of a core and shell having different contents of Compound A each other, and the content of Compound A in the shell is smaller than the content of Compound A in the core.

Abstract: An object is to obtain an adaptive equalizer device and an adaptive equalizer controlling method which provide an ideal output signal certainly and in a shorter time. The adaptive equalizer device includes an adaptive equalizer (4a) receiving a signal indicating a symbol, for filtering the signal indicating the symbol to adaptively remove intersymbol interference by selectively using one of a plurality of preset algorithms, and a rotation detecting circuit (19) receiving an output signal (y(n)) from the adaptive equalizer, for detecting rotation of the symbol of the output signal (y(n)), wherein the adaptive equalizer (4a) selects one of the plurality of algorithms in accordance with detected result flags (&agr;, &bgr;) from the rotation detecting circuit (19).

Abstract: A brain function examining apparatus and others for performing an examination of a brain function by detecting a pupillary size of a subject's pupil are provided. The brain function examining apparatus includes a light source for illuminating the pupil, a pupillary detector for detecting the pupillary size, an index calculator for calculating, based on the pupillary size detected by the pupillary detector, a subject index indicative of a characteristic of the pupil, a database for storing a base index indicative of a characteristic of the pupil that can be used as reference, and an output unit for outputting the subject index, calculated by the index calculator, and the base index stored in the database.

Abstract: A silver halide emulsion containing silver halide grains comprising silver chlorobromide grains or silver chloroiodobromide grains, wherein each of silver halide grains has a silver chloride content of not less than 98% and comprises a silver bromide-containing layer having a silver bromide content of 0.5 to 5%, and the silver bromide-containing layer is located at a depth of 0 to 0.01 &mgr;m from the surface of the grain. A silver halide emulsion comprising silver halide grains containing Compound A having adsorptivity to silver, wherein each of the silver halide grains has a silver chloride content of not less than 90% has a core-shell structure comprised of a core and shell having different contents of Compound A each other, and the content of Compound A in the shell is smaller than the content of Compound A in the core.

Abstract: Following arrangement of an adaptive equalizer with a direct filter structure according to the least mean square error architecture, look ahead conversion of modifying a tap coefficient of the next cycle utilizing the tap coefficient of a predetermined preceding cycle is carried out and then a retiming process of adjusting the timing of tap coefficients and signals is carried out to arrange delay elements, whereby a transposition filter is realized. A high-speed adaptive equalizer is provided that can have the critical path reduced without increasing the hardware amount and that is superior in expansionability.

Abstract: In an automatic gain control circuit of a demodulating circuit, power values of pieces of symbol information I and Q of in-phase components and quadrature components of a modulated signal are calculated, a power difference between each power value and an ideal power value is detected, and an AGC control signal is produced to adjust a gain of the modulated signal according to the AGC control signal in a demodulating system including the demodulating circuit. Therefore, when an amount of noise included in the modulated signal is low, an average value of the power differences is reduced to zero, and the modulated signal can be correctly demodulated to a demodulated signal. To correctly demodulate the modulated signal including a large amount of noise, after the conversion of the AGC control signal, a sweep counter value is added to the AGC control signal so as to minimize a bit error rate of the demodulated signal.

Abstract: By combining various indexes concerning brain functions, still more highly accurate brain function examination is achieved. An apparatus for examining the subject's brain functions acquires two or more indexes of pupillary indexes that show subject's pupillary characteristics, visual indexes that show subject's visual system functions, intelligence evaluating indexes that are results of the intelligence test carried out on the subject, and behavior evaluating indexes that show the results of subject's behavior examination. Two or more indexes are stored in the memory and outputted from the output unit. By combining two or more kinds of independent indexes, accurate determination of dementia cases and further the degree of senescence of brain functions can be achieved. In addition, the brain function examining apparatus put together a number of a plurality of indexes by the multivariate calculation and converts into different values of fewer numbers. Thus, brain functions can be examined simply and easily.

Abstract: A BPSK phase detection unit assumes that an input signal is a BPSK modulated signal in detecting a phase error of a recovered carrier and an 8PSK phase detection unit assumes that the input signal is an 8PSK modulated signal in detecting the phase error of the recovered carrier. An 8PSK frequency detection unit assumes that the input signal is an 8PSK modulated signal in detecting a frequency error of the recovered carrier. A selector selects the phase error detected by the BPSK phase detection unit or the phase error detected by the 8PSK phase detection unit. A carrier recovery unit recovers a carrier by adjusting a phase of the input signal, based on the selected phase error and the frequency error.

Abstract: Conventional semiconductor integrated circuits have a problem that a test of an analog circuit requires considerable labor and cost. However, an address decoder for decoding an address input from the outside and generating an address signal, a storing unit for storing data for setting a parameter input from the outside in a location indicated by the address signal, and a selector for selecting data stored in the storing means instead of a signal value on a control bus at the time of testing an analog circuit are provided in a semiconductor integrated circuit, thereby allowing reductions in labor and costs.

Abstract: A silver halide photographic light sensitive material IS DISCLOSED, comprising a support having thereon a yellow dye image forming layer, a magenta dye image forming layer and a cyan dye image forming layer, wherein when the photographic material is subjected to exposure of not more than 10−3 sec. per pixel element and further to color developing to form yellow, magenta and cyan images, a variation at multiple exposure, based on non-multiple exposure, of an average gradation, which is a slope that connects two pints corresponding to densities of 0.5 and 1.5 on a characteristic curve of each of the yellow, magenta and cyan images, is not more than 10%.