Abstract: The present invention relates to a radar system having means (12) for producing a code, means (18) for modulating a transmission signal in a transmit branch, using the code, means (32) for delaying the code, means (20) for modulating a signal in a receive branch, using the delayed code, and means (26) for mixing a reference signal with a receiving signal, the modulation of one of the signals being performed by an amplitude modulation (ASK; “amplitude shift keying”) and the modulation of the other signal by a phase modulation (PSK; “phase shift keying”). Furthermore, a radar system is proposed in which blanking of phase transitions is provided. The present invention also relates to methods which may advantageously be carried out, using the radar systems according to the present invention.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a circuit arrangement for operating an exhaust-gas probe including a NOx double chamber sensor. The exhaust-gas probe includes: a heatable solid-state electrolyte body having first and second pump chambers and diffusion barriers for separating the chambers from each other and from the exhaust gas. A third chamber communicates with the atmosphere. An external pump electrode is exposed to the exhaust gas and a first oxygen pump electrode is disposed in the first pump chamber. A second oxygen pump electrode is disposed in at least one of the first and second pump chambers and a nitrogen oxide pump electrode is disposed in the second pump chamber. An air reference electrode is disposed in the third chamber. Only one pump voltage generating circuit unit is provided and a switching device switches the pump voltage generating circuit unit between respective ones of the pump electrodes.

Abstract: A method for determining the direction of an external magnetic field (B) using a magneto-resistive sensor comprises the following steps: superimposing a fluctuating magnetic field on the external magnetic field (B); creating a first and second signal dependent on the sine and cosine of the angle between the external magnetic field and a reference vector by decoupling or disregarding the respective signal components which are dependent on the fluctuating magnetic field; determination of a third signal which is dependent upon the angle between the external magnetic field and a reference vector on the basis of the first and second signal whereby said third signal has a periodicity of 180°; determination of a logic correction signal (K5) with regard to the signal component which is dependent on the fluctuating magnetic field decoupled from either the first or second signal and which adopts a value for the angle of the external magnetic field in a first angle range, in particular between 0° and 180° an

Abstract: A device for distance measurement using a semiconductor laser in the visible wavelength range, which functions according to the echo time method, includes a collimation objective for bundling the transmitted measuring beam bundle, a circuit arrangement for modulating the measuring beam, a receiving objective for receiving and imaging the measuring beam bundle reflected at the distant object onto a receiving device, and an evaluation device for determining and displaying the distance measured to the object. The circuit arrangement for modulating the measuring beam and the evaluation device can be switched between two different operating modes. In the first operating mode, the modulation takes place using a first frequency and in the second operating mode using a second frequency. These frequencies stand in a whole-member ratio to each other.

Abstract: A scanner-control device for scanning an echo signal formed by returning transmit pulses, includes a clock generator, which triggers a pulse shaper for the transmit pulses and a further pulse shaper for scanning pulses. The scanner-control device also includes setting member for modifying a delay time of the scanning pulses, so that the echo signal can gradually be reconstructed from the returning transmit pulses.

Abstract: A sigma-delta modulator is disclosed for conversion of an analog or digital low frequency signal of high resolution into a quantized analog or digital signal, with an error feedback circuit for suppression of quantization errors. The sigma-delta modulator includes a delay device (Z−1) for delaying the input signal (X) for a plurality of scanning periods to obtain a plurality of delayed input signals (Xi), wherein i=1, 2, . . . , n and the ith one of the delayed input signals (Xi) is delayed for i scanning periods; an adder (2) for addition of the delayed input signals (Xi) each delayed by the i scanning periods to obtain a first sum signal (S1); a quantizing device (Q, Q0, Q1 to Qn) for producing quantized input signals (VZi) each delayed by the ith scanning period; an adder (3) for addition of the delayed quantized input signals (VZi) to obtain a second sum signal (S2); and a subtraction device (1) for subtraction of the sum signals (S1, S2) from an actual value of the input signal (X).

Abstract: A device for determining a rotation rate is described, in which by means of digital evaluation circuits the output signals of a rotation rate sensor are evaluated. By identification of the transfer function from the electronically generated oscillation voltage that excites the oscillating body carrying the acceleration elements, to the output of the acceleration elements, or by identification of the transfer function from the electrically generated test voltage at the input of the acceleration elements to their output, the systematic errors of the rotation rate sensor are determined and taken into account in the digital sensor signal processing, with the aid of which the rotation rate is unequivocally determined.

Abstract: A signal processing circuit for a reference signal occurring in a heterodyne interferometer and a measured signal. The underlying frequency modulation of the radiation source of the heterodyne interferometer results in phase jumps in both signals. Signal filtering of both the reference signal and the measured signal with a gate signal removes from both signals those signal components that have the same phase sign. Further simplification of the signal processing results from signal interpolation by band pass filters and signal down-mixing into a lower frequency range below the heterodyne frequency. The input signals processed by the circuit can be further processed by a conventional phase comparator.

Abstract: The circuit arrangement for determining an angle (.alpha.) from analog signals (C,S) proportional to the sine and cosine of the angle (.alpha.) to be determined includesa circuit device for multiplying an analog signal (S) with a digital value (Cs) for obtaining a first product value (S*Cs), the digital value (Cs) being proportional to the cosine of an estimated angle value (.alpha..sub.s) for the angle (.alpha.) to be determined;a circuit device for multiplying another analog signal (C) with another digital value (Ss) to obtain a second product value (C*Ss), the another digital value (Ss) being proportional to the sine of the estimated angle value (.alpha..sub.s) for the angle (.alpha.) to be determined;a circuit device for adding the first and second product values (S*Cs; C*Ss) to obtain a sum value (Su);a circuit device for equalizing proportionality factors of the one and/or the other digital value (Ss; Cs) so that the sum value (Su) formed is proportional to sin (.alpha.-.alpha..sub.

Abstract: A laser diode (1) of a laser vibrometer emits light which is guided onto a polarization beam splitter (3) by a lens 2. A portion of the beam is guided through directly to an imaging lens (4) and a second portion is deflected onto a mirror (5). Quarter-wave plates (6) and (7) are arranged between the polarization beam splitter and respectively the lens or the mirror. The beam which is reflected on the mirror is guided completely through the polarization beam splitter onto a photodetector unit (8). The beam reflected by the object (9) to be measured, which swings in the direction (14), is also deflected to the photodetector unit. The output signal of the photodetector unit, the interference signal generated from the superposition of the two reflected beams, is supplied to an electronic evaluation equipment (10). The latter is also supplied with a signal of a current modulator (11) which, on the other hand, supplies the laser diode with modulated injection current via line (12).

Abstract: The apparatus for determining rotational position of a rotatable element without contacting it includes a sensor device having two Hall or AMR sensor elements for sensing a magnetic field of magnetic field strength (B) generated by or influenced by the rotational position of the rotatable element and for producing output signals according to the magnetic field and thus the rotational position of the rotatable element. In order to easily detect the absolute rotational position of the rotatable element, the sensor device is constructed and positioned with respect to the rotatable element so that in every rotational position the field lines from the rotatable element extend at right angles to the sensor structures defined by the direction of an alternating current in the sensor elements.

Abstract: A device for determining the phase difference between a first and a second digital input signal (S1, S2) is disclosed. In a first embodiment, a clock signal (CLOCK) is supplied as a first counting signal (18) to a first counter (16), which is reset by the appearance of a predetermined edge (31) of the first input signal (S1). This embodiment permits phase measurement values in the range between zero and 360.degree. to be generated at a high measurement rate. In second and third embodiments, which are preferably connected and, if desired, combined with the first embodiment, second and third switching signals (FORWARD, BACK) are generated from the digital input signals (S1, S2) and are supplied to a forward-backward counter (20). The second and third embodiments are suited for determining phase differences between the two digital input signals (S1, S2) which are multiples of 360.degree..

Abstract: A capacitive sensor includes a plurality of individual condenser elements, each of which consist of a first, preferably circular, electrode and a second, preferably surrounding ring-shaped, electrode, which are mounted on one side of a nonconducting support. A common conductor is connected to each of the first electrodes of condenser elements. A signal can be detected separately from each of the condenser elements via conductors connected separately to the individual second electrodes. To increase the sensitivity and to avoid interference, the remote side of the support opposite to the one side is provided with a third additional electrode, which is at ground potential and also acts as a shield for interfering couplings. The sensor is used for measurement of the fuel film thickness in the intake of an internal combustion engine.

Abstract: A capacitive position sensor includes a capacitor arrangement assembled of a stator (5) and a rotor (6). The stator supports at least three coplanar electrodes (21, 22, 23) having the shape of circle sectors 120.degree.. The rotor supports at least a counterelectrode (25) having the shape of a circle sector of 240.degree.. An oscillator (30) applies two a.c. voltage (u1, u2) of equal amplitude and opposite phase to two of the stator electrode (21, 22). The range of rotation of the rotor is such that the remaining third electrode on the stator is always overlapped by the counterelectrode. Voltage induced on the counterelectrode by means of the a.c. voltages on the stator electrodes is inverted and fed back as a neutralizing voltage (uR) to the third stator electrode (23) until the induced voltage on the counterelectrode reaches zero value. The neutralizing voltage is rectified and integrated into a d.c. voltage (UA) which serves as a measure of the angular position of the rotor (6).