Abstract: A dielectric sheet is attached to the inner surface of the portable telephone housing. The dielectric sheet extends in the area between the user's head and a whip antenna of the portable telephone. The real part and the imaginary part of the relative dielectric constant of the dielectric sheet is properly selected such that the dielectric sheet can reduce SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) and improve antenna efficiency.

Abstract: A dielectric sheet is attached to the inner surface of the portable telephone housing. The dielectric sheet extends in the area between the user's head and a whip antenna of the portable telephone. The real part and the imaginary part of the relative dielectric constant of the dielectric sheet is properly selected such that the dielectric sheet can reduce SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) and improve antenna efficiency.

Abstract: Through a chemical vapor deposition process, a tubular graphite body is fabricated as a hydrogen storage element that comprises a tubular graphite body forming an elongated shell and at least one metal plug closing an open end of the elongated shell so as to form a closed inside space for storing hydrogen gas.

Abstract: An electrostatic image forming apparatus 1 comprises a sensitized drum 2 covered with a single, organic, photosensitive layer (OPC). This sensitized drum 2 is rotatable at a predetermined speed. A charging device 5 is disposed around the drum 2 for uniformly charging a surface of the OPC. A latent image forming device 6 is disposed downstream of the charging device 5 around the drum 2 for forming a latent image on the OPC. A developed image forming device 7 is disposed downstream of the latent image forming device 6 around the drum 2 for forming a developed image from the latent image. A distance from the charging device 5 to the latent image forming device 6 is defined with respect to a distance from the charging device 5 to the developed image forming device 7 by the following expression;T1.ltoreq.T2-0.5 log T2-0.

Abstract: A photosensitive material for electrophotography, comprises a support and, provided thereon, an organic photoconductive layer of single-layer structure comprising a binder polymer, an electron acceptor substance particulately dispersed in the binder polymer, and a metal-free phthalocyanine molecularly dispersed in the binder polymer.

Abstract: A photosensitive material for electrophotography comprises a conductive support and a photosensitive layer formed on the conductive support, the photosensitive layer being made of X-type metal-free phthalocyanine, a resin binder, and an essential additive effective for improving electrophotographic or photosensitive characteristics or durability in repeated use wherein the X-type metal-free phthalocyanine is dispersed in the resin binder partly in a molecular state and partly in a particulate state. The essential additive includes electrolytically polymerized products, certain kinds of dyes, silane or polysilane compounds, hole and electron transport substances, titanyl or vanadyl phthalocyanine, electron acceptors, perylene compounds, amine derivatives, amino compounds, zinc oxide or the like.

Abstract: A method for making photosensitive materials of the positive charge type which are useful in electrophotography is described. In the method, X-type and/or .tau.-type phthalocyanine is at least partially dissolved in a solvent along with a resin binder or in a solution of the resin binder by which good photosensitive characteristics are obtained. The photosensitive material obtained by the method may be of a single-layer or a double-layer type. A photosensitive material having an improved ozone resistance is also disclosed. The material makes use of a resin binder having vinylphenol units therein.

Abstract: A photosensitive material for electrophotography which comprises a conductive support, and a charge transport layer and a charge generation layer formed on the conductive support, is described. The charge generation layer is formed from a dispersion which is obtained by mixing X-type and/or .tau.-type metal-free phthalocyanine, with or without at least one other charge generation agent, and a resin binder in a solvent, which is capable of dissolving at least a part of X-type and/or .tau.-type metal-free phthalocyanine, to such an extent that a ratio between X-ray diffraction peak intensities at about 7.5.degree. and at about 9.1.degree. is in the range of 1:1 to 0.1:1. When the at least one other charge generation agent is used in combination, the charge generation layer is formed on the conductive support on which the charge transport layer is formed. If such other agent is not used, the charge generation layer is formed on the charge transport layer with a certain thickness.

Abstract: Photosensitive materials which comprise, on a conductive support, a layer structure having at least one layer. The at least one film is made of a cured film of a dispersion of a photoconductor in a binder polymer which has recurring units of the following general formula ##STR1## wherein each m is individually from 0 to 4, but at least one m is not 0, X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 are bromine atoms and n is an integer. The photoconductor may be X-type metal-free phthalocyanine or .tau.-type metal-free phthalocyanine dispersed partially in a molecular state and partially in a particulate state. Alternatively, combinations of carrier generation and carrier transport agents may be used. The layer structure is either a single-layer structure or a double-layer structure.

Abstract: A photosensitive material for electrophotography, comprises a support and, provided thereon, an organic photoconductive layer of single-layer structure comprising a mixture of a metal-free phthalocyanine and a binder organic compound; said binder organic compound being comprised of an isocyanate in which the isocyanate terminal has been blocked with a blocking agent.The present photosensitive material can achieve good sensitivity and charge characteristics and is suited for the positive charge system.

Abstract: Functional devices using charge transfer complexes formed as a layer on a substrate. In one embodiment of the invention, the device comprises a substrate, an electrode layer formed on one side of the substrate, at least one layer of a charge transfer complex capable of undergoing a variation in charge transferability by application of external energy, and another electrode layer formed on the complex layer. The charge transfer complex consists essentially of an electron donor and an electron acceptor, at least one of which is an organic compound having a long-chain alkyl substituent. In another embodiment, a charge transfer complex layer is provided on a substrate as polarized in one direction, in which the charge transfer complex does not necessarily contain such a substituted donor or acceptor compound as in the first embodiment but ordinary charge transfer complexes may be used. A pair of electrodes may be provided to sandwich the complex layer therebetween.

Abstract: Solid electrolytic capacitors comprise a capacitor element having a valve metal substrate, a dielectric film formed thereon, and a conductive polymer layer formed on the dielectric film. The capacitor element is encased in a resin casing as not directly contacting the element with the resin casing. The capacitance and leakage current characteristics are improved. Alternatively, a capacitor element includes a valve metal substrate, a dielectric film, an inorganic conductive layer and a conductive polymer layer formed on the substrate in this order, wherein the conductive polymer layer is formed after anodization of the inorganic conductive layer bearing substrate. The life of the resulting capacitor is significantly prolonged. This capacitor element may be encased in a resin casing in a manner as set forth above. Methods for manufacturing the solid electrolytic capacitor are also provided.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a solid electrolytic capacitor is described. The method comprises providing a valve metal member which has a dielectric film and an inorganic conductive layer formed on opposite sides of the valve metal member in this order, immersing the valve metal member in an electrolytic polymerization solution, and applying an electric potential sufficient to cause electrolytic polymerization between a first polymerization electrode which is provided on said at least one side of said valve metal member through an electric insulating member and a second polymerization electrode kept away from said first polymerization electrode. Further, the valve metal member may be separated into two regions with an insulating separation layer. One region is a capacitor region and the other is an anode terminal region. The anode terminal region is enfolded or convolutely wound to improve the volumetric efficiency. Solid electrolytic capacitors manufactured by the methods are also described.

Abstract: Photosensitive materials of the positive charging type which are useful in electrophotography are described. The material comprises a conductive support of any desired form and a photoconductive layer formed on the support. The photoconductive layer is made of X-type and/or .tau.-type phthalocyanine compound dispersed in a binder resin. The compound is dispersed partly in a molecular state and partly in a particulate state in the resin. To make such a dispersion, the compound is agitated in a solvent along with the binder resin until charge transportability and charge generating ability are developed in the resultant photoconductive layer. Fundamentally, single-layer photosensitive materials with good photosensitive characteristics and a high heat resistance can be obtained.

Abstract: Elements comprising a non-oriented substrate and a thin film of a compound of the following general formulaLa.sub.1-x-y Sr.sub.x Ba.sub.y MeO.sub.3-.delta.in which 0.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.0.8, 0.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.0.5, 0.1.ltoreq.x+y.ltoreq.0.8, and 0.ltoreq..delta..ltoreq.0.5 and Me is at least one member selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe and Co. The film is crystallographically oriented in a certain direction The substrate is made of an amorphous material or a metal, or is constituted of an amorphous film formed on any bodies such as of a polycrystalline material. On the oriented thin film is further formed a perovskite oxide film or a superconductive film. The process for making the thin film of the above formula is also described.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a solid electrolytic capacitor is described, in which a solid electrolyte is made of a conductive polymer layer and is formed on a conductive inorganic layer which is formed on a metallic foil through a dielectric film. For the formation of the conductive polymer layer, while an external electrode is not directly contacted with the conductive inorganic layer, the electrolytic polymerization reaction of a polymerizable monomer in an electrolytic solution is carried out. For this purpose, the external electrode may be covered with a conductive polymer film at the contact portion. Alternatively, the external electrode may be moved from one position to another or may be kept apart from the conductive inorganic layer during the electrolytic polymerization reaction. By this, the mechanical damages of the conductive inorganic layer with the external electrode are suppressed with good electric characteristics of the capacitor.

Abstract: Functional devices using charge transfer complexes formed as a layer on a substrate. In one embodiment of the invention, the device comprises a substrate, an electrode layer formed on one side of the substrate, at least one layer of a charge transfer complex capable of undergoing a variation in charge transferability by application of external energy, and another electrode layer formed on the complex layer. The charge transfer complex consists essentially of an electron donor and an electron acceptor, at least one of which is an organic compound having a long-chain alkyl substituent. In another embodiment, a charge transfer complex layer is provided on a substrate as polarized in one direction, in which the charge transfer complex does not necessarily contain such a substituted donor or acceptor compound as in the first embodiment but ordinary charge transfer complexes may be used. A pair of electrodes may be provided to sandwich the complex layer therebetween.

Abstract: A photosensitive material for electrophotography which comprises an electrically conductive support of a desired shape and an organic photoconductive layer formed on the substrate, is provided. The organic photoconductive layer is formed from a solution of an organic charge-generating compound, an organic charge transfer compound and an organic resin in an organic solvent after low temperature treatment thereof wherein the solution is cooled to a temperature sufficient not to cause the solutes to be precipitated or the solution to be coagulated for a time enough to allow interaction between the compounds and the resin binder and is returned to room temperature. This solution is applied to the support and dried to form a photoconductive layer on the support. The photoconductive layer may be of a single-layer structure or a double-layered structure wherein at least one sub-layer should be formed from a solution subjected to the low temperature treatment.

Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor comprising:an electrolyte comprising a conductive polymer (i) having a repeating unit of at least one compound selected from a heterocyclic compound and (ii) containing as a dopant at least one anion selected from a napthalenesulfonate, an alkyl naphthalenesulfonate at least one of hydrogen atoms on the naphthalene ring of which has been substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an anthraquinoesulfonate, and an alkyl anthraquinonesulfonate at least one of hydrogen atoms on the anthraquinone ring of which has been substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms;said electrolyte being provided on a valve metal on the surface of which a dielectric film is formed by anodic oxidation or anodic chemical conversion.Also disclosed is a method of manufacturing the solid electrolytic capacitor, in which the electrolyte is formed by electrolytic polymerization.

Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor comprising a capacitor element which includes a valve metal member capable of forming a dielectric oxide film thereon, a dielectric oxide film formed on the valve metal member, a manganese oxide layer formed on the dielectric oxide film, a conductive polymer film formed on the manganese oxide film by electrolytic polymerization, and terminals formed on the valve metal member and the conductive polymer film, respectively. The solid electrolytic capacitor is improved in capacitor characteristics. A method for manufacturing the solid electrolyte is also described wherein the conductive polymer film is readily formed on the manganese dioxide layer.