Abstract: Photoelectrochemical cells comprising a positive electrode comprised of an n-type conductive semiconductor and a compound capable of reversibly intercalating or deintercalating metal atoms or ions, an ion conductive solid electrolyte layer, a negative electrode, and current collectors for the positive and negative electrodes. The intercalating or deintercalating compound is a Chevrel compound or vornite. The photoelectrochemical cell serves as both solar and secondary cells. Various cell constructions are also described including a multi-layered structure and a two-cell construction.

Abstract: A multi-layered dielectric element serving as a capacitor or actuator which comprises a dielectric unit including a plurality of dielectric layers made of a perovskite oxide and a plurality of internal electrode layers sandwiched between the respective dielectric layers. The internal electrodes are each made of at least one conductive composite oxide of La, Ba and Cu having a perovskite-like structure wherein the atomic ratios of the metals are such that (La+Ba)/Cu=1 and La/Ba=4, or at least one conductive composite oxide of La, Sr and Cu having a perovskite-like structure wherein the atomic ratios of the metals are such that (La+Sr)/Cu=1 and La/Sr=3 or 4. The unit is sintered at a temperature of from 900.degree. to 1100.degree. C., so that interdiffusion of metal ions between the dielectric layers and the internal electrode layers is suppressed to a significant extent.

Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor uses a solid electrolyte wherein manganese dioxide is uniformly diffused in a polymer made by electrochemical polymerization, and the solid electrolyte is disposed between a first electrode made of valve metal and having an anodic oxide film thereon and a second electrode opposite to the first electrode. The solid electrolytic capacitor shows splendid high frequency characteristics and small leakage current.

Abstract: An air/fuel ratio sensor to be used for controlling the ratio between the air and fuel through the detection of the air and the fuel in the exhaust gas of gas and oil combustion appliances, automobile engines or the like. The air/fuel ratio sensor has a first electrode on one face having porous zirconia electrolytic plate of through-holes, a second electrode containing at least electron -O.sup.2- ion mixed conductor on the other face. The controlling of the air/fuel ratio from the excessive fuel to the excessive air may be performed with a high S/N ratio under conditions ranging from excessive fuel to excessive air, through the measurement of the changes in the electric resistance of the second electrode by the third electrode provided on the second electrode. The sensor is simple in construction and is small and thin.

Abstract: The present invention provides a solid electrolytic capacitor which comprises a first electrode comprising a valve action metal plate one surface of which is covered by an anodic oxidation film, a second electrode which faces the surface of the first electrode having the anodic oxidation film and a layer of a solid electrolyte which is placed between the first and second electrodes and comprises a salt of 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane with a cation of quinoline or isoquinoline the nitrogen atom of which is quarternarized with fluorinated alkyl groups, which has improved reliability at high temperature and increased capacitance, and decreases the formation of poisonous gas during pyrolysis.

Abstract: A solid electrolyte of an electrolytic capacitor is constituted of an ion radical complex salt of N-isoamylisoquinolinium(TCNQ).sub.2, or the N-isoamylisoquinolinium(TCNQ).sub.2 and neutral TCNQ, and the solid electrolyte has high heat fusability, high heat stability and splendid infiltration ability into an anode oxide film, and is disposed between the anode oxide film and a cathode, and therefore, a capacitance, dielectric loss and life of the capacitor are improved.

Abstract: In an electrochromic display device including a pair of opposed substrates, a display electrode formed on one of the substrates and a counter electrode formed on the other substrate, the response speed and display life of the device are improved by its novel counter electrode structure including a low conductive film arranged to face the display electrode and a high conductive film arranged to uncover, adjoin or cover the former. Alternatively, the low conductive film is embedded in the high conductive film to face the display electrode. Each of the conductive films is essentially made of In.sub.2 O.sub.3, In.sub.2 O.sub.3 --SnO.sub.2 or SnO.sub.2. The high conductive film may be made of Au, Ag or Pt. Where the low conductive film is an insulating film, it is sandwiched by the high conductive films. The insulating film is made of a metal oxide, metal fluoride or metal nitride. The difference in electric resistance between the low and high conductive films is selected 10 times or more.