Abstract: Disclosed is a stacked variable inductors manufactured by stacking M (M≧2) metal layers on a semiconductor substrate, and provides stacked variable inductors comprising, 1 to N inductors continuously connected in serial, wherein each of said inductors is formed on N (N≦M) metal layers that are different each other; first and second ports each connected to the highest positioned inductor and to the lowest positioned inductor among said 1 to N inductors; and at least one MOSFET, and wherein one terminal of at least one MOSFET is connected to one of the first and second ports, and the other one is connected to one of adjacent terminals connected in serial between 1 to N inductors.

Abstract: Network architecture for a mobile communication system includes a plurality of Internet protocol (IP) routers that serve as gateways for transmitting data from one mobile terminal to another mobile terminal over a public Internet network. The architecture also includes a home agent (HA) and an authorization authentication accounting (AAA) server, both of which are located on the public Internet network. The HA performs initial registration of mobile terminals, IP routing, and management of mobility of the mobile terminals. The AAA server performs authorization, authentication and accounting for the mobile terminals to allow the mobile terminals access to the public Internet network and stores AAA information of each of the mobile terminals. A plurality of radio access points (RAPs), which are respectively connected to the public Internet network via the IP routers, connect the mobile terminals to the public Internet network.

Abstract: The Mo or MoW composition layer has a low resistivity of less than 15 &mgr;&OHgr;cm and is etched to have a smooth taper angle using an Al alloy enchant or a Cr enchant, and the Mo or MoW layer is used for a wiring of a display or a semiconductor display along with an Al layer or a Cr layer. Since the Mo or MoW layer can be deposited so as to give low stress to the substrate by adjusting the deposition pressure, a single MoW layer can be used as a wiring by itself. When contact holes are formed in the passivation layer or the gate insulating layer, a lateral etch is reduced by using polymer layer, an etch gas system using CF4+O2 can prevent the etch of the Mo or MoW alloy layer, and an etch gas of SF6+HCl (+He) or SF6+Cl2 (+He) can form the edge profile of contact holes to be smoothed.

Abstract: An organic electrolytic solution includes a lithium salt and an organic solvent containing a phosphonate compound, and a lithium battery utilizes the organic electrolytic solution. When using the organic electrolyte containing the phosphonate compound to manufacture a lithium secondary battery, the lithium secondary battery has improved stability to reduction-induced decomposition, reduced first cycle irreversible capacity, and improved charging/discharging efficiency and lifespan. In addition, the lithium secondary battery does not swell beyond a predetermined thickness range after formation and standard charging at room temperature and has improved reliability. Even when the lithium secondary battery swells seriously at a high temperature, its capacity is high enough for practical applications. The capacity of the lithium secondary battery may substantially be recovered after being left at a high temperature.

Abstract: A gate line is formed on a substrate in a horizontal direction and a data repair line is formed on the same layer as the gate line in a vertical direction. The repair line is divided into two portions with respect to the gate line. A gate insulating film is formed on the gate line and the data repair line, and a data line is formed on the gate insulating film along the repair line having a smaller width than the repair line, a passivation film being deposited thereon. Contact holes are formed in the passivation film, and contact holes to expose both ends of the divided repair line are formed in the passivation film and gate insulating film. A transparent connecting pattern formed on the passivation film contacts the data line and the repair line through the contact holes. Both ends of the repair line are extended from the data line. A pixel electrode is formed on the passivation film, and the pixel electrode overlaps the edges of the repair line at a predetermined width.

Abstract: An output buffer includes an output terminal, a pull up module, a pull down module and an output latching module. The pull up module pulls up the output terminal to a first source voltage when the pull up module is active The pull down module pulls down the output terminal to a second source voltage when the pull down module is active. The output latching module latches a data signal in response to a state of an output clock signal in a first operation mode. The output latching module latches the data signal in response to a leading edge of the output clock signal in a second operation mode. The output latching module drives the pull up module and the pull down module in response to the data signal latched by the output latching module, so that the output latching module outputs the data signal to the output terminal in a second operation mode.

Abstract: A method is provided for controlling an air fuel ratio in a gas furnace which can maintain optimum performance in combustion, irrespective of variation in temperature control stages. Air quantity and fuel quantity are integrally, rather than separately, controlled through the detection and adjustment of variation in each until the air fuel ratio reaches an objective value. In this manner, transient phenomena caused during the burning operation is prevented, and optimum combustion performance is maintained regardless of the temperature variation.

Abstract: The present invention provides a fuel level sensor malfunction detecting method and system for a vehicle. In the method and system the rate of change in the opening of the throttle valve and the detection of a transmission kick-down are conditions for determining the malfunction of the fuel level sensor, thereby making it possible to detect a malfunctioning fuel level sensor more accurately.

Abstract: The present invention provides an over-coating composition comprising a basic compound for coating a photoresist composition to provide a vertical photoresist pattern.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for generating digital pulse used to control or drive a device or a mechanism using a processing unit. The apparatus includes a processing unit, when a signal is input, operating a predetermined program to generate pulse data corresponding to the signal, and a digital pulse output unit synchronizing pulse data generated in the processing unit with an output clock signal and outputting the pulse data as the digital pulse.

Abstract: A refrigerator includes an inner case has an inner sheet for defining an inner space of the refrigerator and an outer sheet formed on the inner sheet, the inner sheet containing nanosilver particles therein. The inner sheet and the outer sheet are bonded to each other by a double extrusion molding technique and the nanosilver particles contained in the inner sheet have a size of about 15˜300 nm and a concentration of about 1˜500 ppm.

Abstract: Semiconductor devices and methods of forming devices that have field oxides in trenches are disclosed. According to the methods, a semiconductor substrate is prepared. An upper trench is formed at a predetermined region of the semiconductor substrate and a bottom trench is formed at a bottom surface of the upper trench. A field oxide is formed to fill the bottom trench and the upper trench. At this time, the upper trench has a wider width than the bottom trench.

Abstract: A receiver for receiving complex symbols in a radio communication system, in which a symbol arranger collects signals from at least three transmitter antennas through at least one receiver antenna over four time intervals; a channel estimator estimates at least three channel gains from the three transmitter antennas to the receiver antenna; first and second decoders each compute metrics for all possible pairs of symbols using the received signals and channel gains, and detect two symbols having a minimum metric; And a P/S (Parallel to Serial) converter arranges the detected symbols in the right order. Each decoder linearly operates the received signals and channel gains, pre-detects two symbols using threshold detection, and outputs the pre-detected symbols as final symbols if the product of the product of the pre-detected symbols and a constant determined by the channel gains is a minimum.

Abstract: A refrigerator of the present invention includes a finish material constituting the refrigerator. The finish material contains antibacterial nanosilver particles. Preferably, the nanosilver particles have a size of about 15˜300 nm and a concentration of about 1˜500 ppm. The finish material may constitute any part of the refrigerator where there may be caused a generation and multiplication of bacteria. The finish material may be made from a transparent or opaque resin to which pigment is added. The nanosilver particles may be coated on a surface of the finish material.

Abstract: An apparatus using transmitting antenna diversity to combat degradation due to fading in a wireless communication system. At least two symbols of four symbols to be transmitted through four transmitting antennas are rotated by predetermined phase values. An encoder configures four combinations for four input symbols so that a sequence of four symbols can be transmitted once by each transmitting antenna during each time interval. The combinations are transferred to the four transmitting antennas during four time intervals. Before the four input symbols are transmitted to the transmitting antennas, at least two symbols selected from the four input symbols are rotated by predetermined phase values. Therefore, the maximum diversity order can be obtained, a transmission delay time can be reduced, and the effect of fast fading can be reduced.

Abstract: A mobile communication system includes at least three transmission antennas of first to third transmission antennas, and uses an overlapped antenna scheme for grouping the first and second transmission antennas into a first transmission antenna group and grouping the second and third transmission antennas into a second transmission antenna group. First and second modulators modulate L information bit streams to be transmitted through the first transmission antenna group and output first and second modulation symbol streams. Third and fourth modulators modulate L other information bit streams to be transmitted through the second transmission antenna group and output third and fourth symbol streams. First to fourth puncturers puncture at least one modulation symbol in a predetermined position among the first to fourth modulation symbol streams.

Abstract: A display device includes a plurality of signal lines having different length, and a driving circuit for supplying signals to the signal lines. Each signal line includes a connecting portion, and the driving circuit includes a plurality of output terminals electrically connected to the connecting portions of the signal lines and a plurality of resistors connected to the output terminals. The resistors have resistance depending on length of the signal lines connected thereto.

Abstract: The invention belongs to the field of biologically active peptides specifically stimulating antiviral, antimicrobial and antitumor activity of the human and animal immune system.

Abstract: Disclosed is a voice modulation apparatus and method thereof for use in a voice communication apparatus such as wired/wireless telephones, to modify voice by modifying voice pitch. The voice modulation apparatus includes: an LPC analyzer for obtaining a vocal track filter coefficients reflecting characteristics of an input voice signal; a pitch detector for detecting pitch and gender of the voice signal; a pitch modulator for modulating the voice signal by applying a predetermined value to a detected value from the pitch detector; and a coder for coding the input signal from the LPC analyzer and the pitch modulator and for outputting a coded signal. According to the voice modulation method, the pitch detector detects gender and pitch of an input voice signal, and the pitch modulator multiplies the detected value by a predetermined value for voice modulation.

Abstract: A method for forming capacitor of semiconductor device wherein a stacked structure of Al-rich HfO2—Al2O3 film and Hf-rich HfO2—Al2O3 film or a stacked structure of Al2O3 film and Hf-rich HfO2—Al2O3 film is used as a dielectric film is disclosed. The method comprises (a) forming an oxide film on an interlayer insulating film having a storage electrode contact plug; (b) selectively etching the oxide film to form an opening exposing the top surface of the storage electrode contact plug; (c) forming a conductive layer on the bottom and the inner walls of the opening; (d) removing the oxide film to form a storage electrode; (e) forming a dielectric film having a stacked structure of Al-rich HfO2—Al2O3 film and Hf-rich HfO2—Al2O3 film on the surface of the storage electrode; (f) annealing the dielectric film; and (g) forming a plate electrode on the dielectric film.