Abstract: The inventive concept provides a method for treating a substrate. The method includes removing a film on the substrate by applying a pulsed laser to the rotating substrate, in which thickness of the film to be removed is measured and pulse energy of the pulsed laser is selected based on the measured thickness of the film.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides autotaxin (ATX) inhibitor compounds and compositions including said compounds. The present disclosure also provides methods of using said compounds and compositions for inhibiting ATX. Also provided are methods of preparing said compounds and compositions, and synthetic precursors of said compounds.

Abstract: A rendering method of an object-based audio signal and an apparatus for performing the same are provided. The rendering method of an object-based audio signal includes obtaining a rendered audio signal, performing clipping prevention on the rendered audio signal using a first limiter, mixing a signal output by the first limiter using a mixer, and performing clipping prevention on the mixed signal using a second limiter.

Abstract: A method of rendering object-based audio and an electronic device performing the method are provided. The method includes identifying a bitstream, determining a reference distance of an object sound source based on the bitstream, determining a minimum distance for applying distance-dependent attenuation, based on the reference distance, and determining a gain of object-based audio included in the bitstream based on the reference distance and the minimum distance.

Abstract: Provided is a Raman scattering measurement apparatus including a light source which emits light to smoke particles, a filter configured to block light which is incident to the smoke particles and passes through the particle and to allow Raman scattered light to pass therethrough, and a photodetector which detects the Raman scattered light passing through the filter in order to distinguish fire smoke generated due to a true fire from non-fire smoke generated due to daily life or industrial activity. The present invention also provides a fire determination apparatus including a unit which reads a Raman shift from Raman scattered light detected by the photodetector of the Raman scattering measurement apparatus, estimates a smoke component from the read Raman shift, and determines fire/non-fire from the estimated smoke component and a method thereof.

Abstract: An actuator for driving a reflector includes a movement frame including a reflector configured to reflect or refract light to a lens and a first magnet, a first support frame configured to provide a space of the movement frame to move, a first drive coil configured to generate an electromagnetic force in the first magnet to rotationally move the movement frame in a first direction based on the first support frame, a first rotation guide between the movement frame and the first support frame and having an arc shape so that the movement frame rotates in the first direction, and a first ball inside the first rotation guide, in which a center of curvature of the first rotation guide corresponds to a center of rotation of the reflector.

Abstract: Embodiments of the current disclosure to provide a display device which can reduce the number of intersections of scan lines and data lines. According to an embodiment of the disclosure, a display device comprises: a substrate; scan lines extending along a first direction; data lines extending along a second direction that intersect the first direction; a first switching element; a first pixel electrode connected to a first source electrode of the first switching element; a second switching element; and a second pixel electrode connected to a second source electrode of the second switching element. The first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode are disposed along the second direction, and a first source electrode and a first drain electrode of the first switching element extend along the second direction in an area overlapping a first active layer of the first switching element.

Abstract: A coated cutting tool having excellent wear resistance and controlled brittleness is provided. An embodiment of the present disclosure provides a coated cutting tool including: a substrate; and a cutting layer disposed on the substrate, wherein: the cutting layer includes a brittleness suppressing layer and a wear-resistant layer disposed on the brittleness suppressing layer; the substrate includes a hard alloy body such as cemented carbide, cermet, ceramic, cubic boron nitride-based materials, or high-speed steel; the brittleness suppressing layer includes a first layer and a second layer disposed on the first layer; the first layer and the second layer each independently includes any one of (AlbTi1-b)X (where 0.6<b<0.8, and X is at least one selected from N, C, CN, NO, CO, and CNO) and (TicAl1-c)X (where 0.4<c?0.5, and X is at least one selected from N, C, CN, NO, CO, and CNO); and the first layer and the second layer include materials different from each other.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a food composition for relieving stress, and specifically, to a food composition for relieving stress, which reduces secretion of the stress hormone cortisol and increases secretion of the happy hormone serotonin by containing fermented and aged noni and calamansi as active ingredients, has no side effects, and is safe for the human body. The composition of the present invention may be used as a health functional food or a pharmaceutical composition. The composition of the present invention has an excellent anti-stress effect.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for preparing a solid-state photonic crystal IPN composite functionalized with an enzyme, a photonic crystal IPN composite prepared by the method, and a biosensor using the photonic crystal IPN composite. The method of the present invention includes (1) mixing a nonreactive chiral dopant with a reactive nematic mesogen, curing the mixture, and removing the chiral dopant while maintaining a helical structure, to form a solid-state helical photonic crystal structure, (2) infiltrating a PAA hydrogel into the internal space of the photonic crystal structure, followed by curing to form an IPN-structured composite, and (3) immobilizing an enzyme in the IPN-structured composite. The PAA hydrogel is infiltrated into the solid-state helical photonic crystal structure and the enzyme is immobilized such that a pH change caused by the enzymatic reaction induces shrinkage and expansion of the PAA hydrogel, leading to a color change.

Abstract: An apparatus and system for treating a substrate includes a chamber having an inner space, a support unit in the inner space and configured to support and rotate the substrate, and first and second laser irradiation unit configured to irradiate first and second laser beams onto the substrate. The first laser irradiation unit includes a first laser light source configured to generate the first laser beam, and a first wavelength adjusting member configured to adjust a range of a wavelength of the first laser beam received from the first laser light source. The second laser beam, and a second wavelength adjusting member configured to adjust a range of a wavelength of the second laser beam received from the second laser light source.

Abstract: A method of rendering object-based audio and an electronic device performing the method are disclosed. The method includes identifying metadata of object-based audio, identifying an audio source distance between the object-based audio and a listener using the metadata, determining a minimum distance of the object-based audio to apply attenuation according to the audio source distance, based on a reference distance of the object-based audio in the metadata, and rendering the object-based audio using the audio source distance and the minimum distance.

Abstract: A method of rendering object-based audio and an electronic device for performing the method are disclosed. The method includes identifying metadata of the object-based audio, determining whether the metadata includes a parameter set for an atmospheric absorption effect for each distance, and rendering the object-based audio, using a distance between the object-based audio and a listener obtained using the metadata and the atmospheric absorption effect according to an effect of a medium attenuation based on the parameter, when the metadata includes the parameter.

Abstract: Disclosed are an n-type semiconductor including compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 or Chemical Formula 2, an image sensor, and an electronic device. In Chemical Formula 1 and Chemical Formula 2, each substituent is as defined in the detailed description.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for removing a film from a substrate by irradiating a plurality of unit pulse laser beams to an edge region of the substrate. The method includes a first irradiation operation for irradiating a plurality of unit pulse laser beams onto the substrate while the substrate is rotating, and a second irradiation operation for irradiating a plurality of unit pulse laser beams to regions of the substrate onto which the unit pulse laser beams are not irradiated in the first irradiation operation.

Abstract: A method of rendering object audio and electronic device for performing the method are provided. The method includes identifying object audio and metadata including a reference distance of the object audio and an audio source distance between the object audio and a listener, identifying a maximum distance of the object audio determined based on the reference distance, when the audio source distance is less than or equal to the maximum distance, determining a gain of the object audio based on the audio source distance and the reference distance, and rendering the object audio according to the gain of the object audio.

Abstract: Embodiments provide a light emitting device that includes a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, and an emission layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the emission layer includes a first compound represented by Formula 1, which is explained in the specification:

Abstract: Disclosed are an n-type semiconductor including compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 or Chemical Formula 2, an image sensor, and an electronic device. In Chemical Formula 1 and Chemical Formula 2, each substituent is as defined in the detailed description.