Abstract: Metallization pastes for use with semiconductor devices are disclosed. The pastes contain silver particles, low-melting-point base-metal particles, organic vehicle, and optional crystallizing agents. Specific formulations have been developed that produce stratified metal films that contain less silver than conventional pastes and that have high peel strengths. Such pastes can be used to make high contact resistance metallization layers on silicon.

Abstract: Oxidation-resistant electrically-conductive metal particles (ORCMP) are disclosed. ORCMPs are comprised of a base-metal core, an oxidation-resistant first shell, and an optional conductive second shell. ORCMPs are low cost alternatives to silver particles in metal fillers for low-temperature, electrically-conductive adhesives. Adhesives including ORCMPs, organic vehicles, and optional conductive metal particles such as silver were formulated to yield conductive films upon curing at low temperatures. Such films can be used in many electronic devices where low-temperature, low cost films are needed.

Abstract: Materials and methods for fabrication of rear tabbing, front busbar, and fine grid line layers for silicon based photovoltaic cells are disclosed. Materials include conductive metallization pastes that contain core-shell nickel based particles.

Abstract: Multi-crystalline group II-VI solar cells and methods for fabrication of same are disclosed herein. A multi-crystalline group II-VI solar cell includes a first photovoltaic sub-cell comprising silicon, a tunnel junction, and a multi-crystalline second photovoltaic sub-cell. A plurality of the multi-crystalline group II-VI solar cells can be interconnected to form low cost, high throughput flat panel, low light concentration, and/or medium light concentration photovoltaic modules or devices.

Abstract: Metallization pastes for use with semiconductor devices are disclosed. The pastes contain silver nanoparticles, silver microparticles, and nondeformable inorganic material particles. Specific formulations have been developed that yield printed lines with low porosities and high peel strengths.

Abstract: Multi-crystalline group II-VI solar cells and methods for fabrication of same are disclosed herein. A multi-crystalline group II-VI solar cell includes a first photovoltaic sub-cell comprising silicon, a tunnel junction, and a multi-crystalline second photovoltaic sub-cell. A plurality of the multi-crystalline group II-VI solar cells can be interconnected to form low cost, high throughput flat panel, low light concentration, and/or medium light concentration photovoltaic modules or devices.

Abstract: Materials and Methods for fabrication of rear tabbing, front busbar, and fine grid line layers for silicon based photovoltaic cells are disclosed. Materials include conductive metallization pastes that contain core-shell nickel based particles.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods to incorporate p-type dopants in II-VI semiconducting layers are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, radical nitrogen is introduced in a physical vapor deposition apparatus operating at moderate pressures (e.g. 10?5 Torr to 100 Torr). The radical nitrogen allows for in-situ doping of II-VI materials, such as ZnTe, to degenerate levels.

Abstract: Materials and methods for fabrication of rear tabbing, front busbar, and fine grid line layers for silicon based photovoltaic cells are disclosed. Materials include conductive metallization pastes that contain core-shell nickel based particles.

Abstract: A method for producing and depositing air-stable, easily decomposable, vulcanized ink on any of a wide range of substrates is disclosed. The ink enables high-volume production of optoelectronic and/or electronic devices using scalable production methods, such as roll-to-roll transfer, fast rolling processes, and the like.

Abstract: A method for forming a substrate comprising nanometer-scale pillars or cones that project from the surface of the substrate is disclosed. The method enables control over physical characteristics of the projections including diameter, sidewall angle, and tip shape. The method further enables control over the arrangement of the projections including characteristics such as center-to-center spacing and separation distance.

Abstract: A method for producing and depositing air-stable, easily decomposable, vulcanized ink on any of a wide range of substrates is disclosed. The ink enables high-volume production of optoelectronic and/or electronic devices using scalable production methods, such as roll-to-roll transfer, fast rolling processes, and the like.

Abstract: A method for forming a substrate comprising nanometer-scale pillars or cones that project from the surface of the substrate is disclosed. The method enables control over physical characteristics of the projections including diameter, sidewall angle, and tip shape. The method further enables control over the arrangement of the projections including characteristics such as center-to-center spacing and separation distance.

Abstract: There is disclosed a dentifrice formulation which is stable in the sense of not producing gassing as evidenced by visually discernable distention over a period of 168 days at 43.degree. C. in an unlined aluminium tube.The formulation comprises an aqueous dentally acceptable oral vehicle at least 27.5% by weight of the dentifrice comprising water and dispersed in the said oral vehicle from 10 to 40% by weight of the dentifrice of a neutral siliceous polishing agent having a stirred slurry pH (as herein defined) in the range from 6.5 to 7.5, and a stabilizing amount of monofluorophosphate ion, the dentifrice having a stirred slurry pH in the range from 5.5 to 8.

Abstract: Dentifrices containing chloroform and a siliceous agent have been found to cause instability and corrosion in unlined aluminium tubes. A chloroform/siliceous agent dentifrice formulation is disclosed wherein an additive comprising a mixture of phosphate esters is used to reduce or prevent corrosion and thus provide stability.

Abstract: There is disclosed a dentifrice formulation which is stable in the sense of not producing gassing as evidenced by visually discernable distention over a period of 168 days at 43.degree. C. in an unlined aluminum tube.The formulation comprises an aqueous dentally acceptable oral vehicle at least 27.5% by weight of the dentifrice comprising water and dispersed in the said oral vehicle from 10 to 40% by weight of the dentifrice of a neutral siliceous polishing agent having a stirred slurry pH (as herein defined) in the range from 5 to less than 6.5, and a stabilizing amount of monofluorophosphate ion, the dentifrice having a stirred slurry pH in the range from 5.5 to 8.

Abstract: There is disclosed a dentifrice formulation which is stable in the sense of not producing gassing as evidenced by visually discernable distention over a period of 168 days at 43.degree. C. in an unlined aluminium tube.The formulation comprises an aqueous dentally acceptable oral vehicle at least 27.5% by weight of the dentifrice comprising water and dispersed in the said oral vehicle from 10 to 40% by weight of the dentifrice of a neutral siliceous polishing agent having a stirred slurry pH (as herein defined) in the range from 6.5 to 7.5, and a stabilizing amount of monofluorophosphate ion, the dentifrice having a stirred slurry pH in the range from 5.5 to 8.

Abstract: A toothpaste dispenser comprising a container having a neck through which a tube connected to a plunger extends. A uni-directional movable plate is disposed in the container and a ratchet assembly extends through the plate for moving the plate to extrude product through the tube. A spring returns the plunger to its initial position.

Abstract: A hazed toothpaste which can effect dental remineralization and reduce caries formation. The toothpaste contains a binary fluorine-providing system which provides about 750-1225 ppm fluoride from sodium monofluorophosphate and about 50-1000 ppm fluorine from sodium fluoride and a synthetic precipitated siliceous polishing agent. The toothpaste is stabilized against gassing in an unlined aluminium tube by the presence of a dicalcium phosphate which exerts a hazing effect on the toothpaste. Dicalcium phosphate also reduces color fading when a water-soluble dye is present. Additional haze to permit opacification of the toothpaste may be introduced by the presence of an opacifying agent, such as titanium dioxide.

Abstract: A toothpaste of improved rheological properties wherein drying and plug formation is reduced or prevented. The toothpaste contains a vehicle in which there is present about 45-85% by weight of liquid phase containing up to about 35% by weight of sorbitol and at least about 25% by weight of water and a solid phase including about 0.5-10% by weight of gelling agent. Drying and plug formation is reduced by including in the liquid phase about 5-20% by weight of polyethylene glycol having an average molecular weight between about 900 and 1600.