Abstract: An apparatus and method is provided for coating a surface of a material with a film of porous coordination polymer. A first substrate having a first surface to be coated is positioned in a processing chamber such that the first surface is placed in a substantially opposing relationship to a second surface. In some embodiments, the second surface is provided by a wall of the processing chamber, and in other embodiments the second surface is provided by a second substrate to be coated. The first substrate is held such that a gap exists between the first and second surfaces, and the gap is filled with at least one reaction mixture comprising reagents sufficient to form the crystalline film on at least the first surface. A thin gap (e.g., having a thickness less than 2 mm) between the first and second surfaces is effective for producing a high quality film having a thickness less than 100 ?m.

Abstract: A photonic random signal generator includes an incoherent optical source configured to generate an optical noise signal, a filter configured to generate a filtered optical noise signal using the optical noise signal, a coupler, a photodetector, a filter, and a limiter. The coupler couples the filtered optical noise signal and a delayed version of the filtered optical noise signal to generate a first coupled signal and a second coupled signal. The photodetector generates an output signal representative of a phase difference between the filtered optical noise signal and the delayed version of the filtered optical noise signal using the first coupled signal and the second coupled signal. The filter filters the output signal representative of the phase difference to generate an analog random signal. The limiter thresholds the analog random signal based on a clock signal, to generate a digital random signal.

Abstract: A photonic monobit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) includes an incoherent optical source, a dual optical modulator, a coupler, a coherent detector, a limiter, and a DSP. The incoherent optical source generates an optical noise signal. The dual optical modulator modulates phase and amplitude of an input complex baseband signal onto an input optical signal to generate an optical modulated signal. The coupler couples the modulated signal with the optical noise signal to generate a dithered optical signal. The coherent detector coherently detects a dithered in-phase (I) signal component and a dithered quadrature (Q) signal component associated with the input complex baseband signal using the dithered optical signal and a reference optical signal. The limiter outputs a complex decision signal based on the dithered I and Q signal components. The DSP generates a digital signal representative of the input complex baseband signal based on the complex decision signal.

Abstract: A photonic monobit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) includes an incoherent optical source, a dual optical modulator, a coupler, a coherent detector, a limiter, and a DSP. The incoherent optical source generates an optical noise signal. The dual optical modulator modulates phase and amplitude of an input complex baseband signal onto an input optical signal to generate an optical modulated signal. The coupler couples the modulated signal with the optical noise signal to generate a dithered optical signal. The coherent detector coherently detects a dithered in-phase (I) signal component and a dithered quadrature (Q) signal component associated with the input complex baseband signal using the dithered optical signal and a reference optical signal. The limiter outputs a complex decision signal based on the dithered I and Q signal components. The DSP generates a digital signal representative of the input complex baseband signal based on the complex decision signal.

Abstract: A photonic random signal generator includes an incoherent optical source configured to generate an optical noise signal, a filter configured to generate a filtered optical noise signal using the optical noise signal, a coupler, a photodetector, a filter, and a limiter. The coupler couples the filtered optical noise signal and a delayed version of the filtered optical noise signal to generate a first coupled signal and a second coupled signal. The photodetector generates an output signal representative of a phase difference between the filtered optical noise signal and the delayed version of the filtered optical noise signal using the first coupled signal and the second coupled signal. The filter filters the output signal representative of the phase difference to generate an analog random signal. The limiter thresholds the analog random signal based on a clock signal, to generate a digital random signal.

Abstract: A photonic monobit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) includes an incoherent optical source configured to generate an optical noise signal, an optical modulator, at least one coupler, a photodetector, a limiter, and a DSP. The optical modulator is configured to modulate an input optical signal using an analog input electrical signal to generate an optical modulated signal. The coupler is configured to couple the optical modulated signal with the optical noise signal to generate at least one coupled signal. The photodetector is configured to generate a phase difference between the optical modulated signal and the optical noise signal using the at least one coupled signal. The limiter is configured to generate a decision signal based on the phase difference, and the DSP is configured to output a digital signal representative of the analog input electrical signal based on the decision signal.

Abstract: A distributive photonic monobit analog-to-digital converter includes a plurality of signal processing chains configured to receive a corresponding plurality of analog input electrical signals. Each processing chain includes an incoherent optical source configured to generate an optical noise signal, an optical modulator configured to modulate an analog input electrical signal of the plurality of analog input electrical signals onto an input optical signal to generate an optical modulated signal, a coupler configured to couple the optical modulated signal with the optical noise signal to generate a coupled signal, a photodetector configured to generate a phase difference between the optical modulated signal and the optical noise signal using the coupled signal, and a limiter configured to output a decision signal based on the phase difference and using a clock signal. A multi-phase clock generator is configured to generate the clock signal for each of the plurality of signal processing chains.

Abstract: Generally discussed herein are systems, devices, and methods for entwined encryption and error correction and/or error detection. An entwined cryptographic encode device can include a memory including data indicating a set of relatively prime, irreducible polynomials stored and indexed thereon, entwined encryption encoding circuitry to receive data, transform the data to a set of data integers modulo respective polynomial integers representative of respective polynomials of the polynomials stored on the memory, and perform a Da Yen weave on the transformed data based on received cipher data, and provide the weaved transformed data to a medium.

Abstract: Generally discussed herein are systems, devices, and methods for entwined encryption and error correction and/or error detection. An entwined cryptographic encode device can include a memory including data indicating a set of relatively prime, irreducible polynomials stored and indexed thereon, entwined encryption encoding circuitry to receive data, transform the data to a set of data integers modulo respective polynomial integers representative of respective polynomials of the polynomials stored on the memory, and perform a Da Yen weave on the transformed data based on received cipher data, and provide the weaved transformed data to a medium.

Abstract: A high-speed analog-to-digital converter can produce a digital signal representative of an analog input electrical signal. An optical amplitude modulator can modulate an input optical pulse train using the analog input electrical signal. An optical splitter can split the modulated optical pulse train into a plurality of modulated optical pulse trains. Optical path delays can stagger in time the modulated optical pulse trains to form a plurality of time-staggered modulated optical pulse trains. Demodulators can detect and filter the time-staggered modulated optical pulse trains to form a respective plurality of time-averaged voltages. Analog-to-digital converters can output a respective plurality of digital time series representative of the respective time-averaged voltages. An interleaver can aggregate the plurality of digital time series to form the digital signal, which has a sample rate greater than a repetition rate of the input optical pulse train.

Abstract: An analog-to-digital converter can produce a digital signal representative of an analog input electrical signal. An optical amplitude modulator can modulate an input optical pulse train using the analog input electrical signal to produce a first modulated optical pulse train. An optical splitter can split the first modulated optical pulse train into a plurality of modulated optical pulse trains. A plurality of detectors can convert the plurality of modulated optical pulse trains into respective modulated voltage pulse trains. A plurality of comparators and a decoder, arranged in a flash converter topology, can receive the modulated voltage pulse trains and output the digital signal representative of the analog input electrical signal using a timing reference derived from the input optical pulse train. Using a relatively high-precision input optical pulse train, such as a Kerr Comb, can produce a relatively high-accuracy analog-to-digital converter.

Abstract: An analog-to-digital converter can produce a digital signal representative of an analog input electrical signal. A continuous-wave laser can lock to a multifrequency optical signal and produce a continuous-wave optical signal. An optical amplitude modulator can modulate the continuous-wave optical signal using the analog input electrical signal to produce a first modulated optical signal. An optical splitter can split the first modulated optical signal into a plurality of modulated optical signals. A plurality of detectors can convert the modulated optical signals into respective modulated electrical signals. A plurality of comparators and a decoder arranged in a flash converter topology can receive the modulated electrical signals and output the digital signal using a timing reference derived from the multifrequency optical signal. Using a relatively high-precision multifrequency optical signal, such as produced by a photonic oscillator, can produce a relatively high-precision device.

Abstract: A photonic oscillator can produce a multifrequency optical signal having a spectrum that includes regularly spaced spectral lines. A photodetector can convert the multifrequency optical signal to a multifrequency electrical signal having a spectrum that includes the regularly spaced spectral lines. A bandpass filter can attenuate all but one spectral line of the spectrum of the multifrequency electrical signal to form a single-frequency electrical signal having leading/trailing edges that have the same precision as the photonic oscillator. A continuous-wave laser can lock to the multifrequency optical signal and produce a continuous-wave optical signal at a wavelength precisely locked to the photonic oscillator. A data encoder/decoder can modulate/demodulate a data stream onto/from the continuous-wave optical signal at a data rate of the single-frequency electrical signal. The modulated optical signal can be clocked with the leading/trailing edges of the single-frequency electrical signal.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises a photonic oscillator circuit configured to generate optical signals that are separated by a uniform delay; radio frequency (RF) generating circuitry configured to receive the optical signals and produce a series of reference clock signals having a same clock signal frequency, wherein each reference clock signal in the series includes a uniform delay from a previous clock signal in the series; and a plurality of analog-to-digital converter (ADC) circuits, wherein an ADC circuit includes a signal input to directly receive an RF input signal that is continuous in time and amplitude, and a clock input to receive a reference clock signal of the repeating series of reference clock signals, wherein the ADC circuits are configured to sample a RF input signal at the frequency of the reference clock signal with the uniform delay to sample interleaved digital values representing the RF signal.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises a photonic oscillator circuit configured to generate optical signals that are separated by a uniform delay; radio frequency (RF) generating circuitry configured to receive the optical signals and produce a series of reference clock signals having a same clock signal frequency, wherein each reference clock signal in the series includes a uniform delay from a previous clock signal in the series; and a plurality of analog-to-digital converter (ADC) circuits, wherein an ADC circuit includes a signal input to directly receive an RF input signal that is continuous in time and amplitude, and a clock input to receive a reference clock signal of the repeating series of reference clock signals, wherein the ADC circuits are configured to sample a RF input signal at the frequency of the reference clock signal with the uniform delay to sample interleaved digital values representing the RF signal.

Abstract: A photonic oscillator can produce a multifrequency optical signal having a spectrum that includes regularly spaced spectral lines. A photodetector can convert the multifrequency optical signal to a multifrequency electrical signal having a spectrum that includes the regularly spaced spectral lines. A bandpass filter can attenuate all but one spectral line of the spectrum of the multifrequency electrical signal to form a single-frequency electrical signal having leading/trailing edges that have the same precision as the photonic oscillator. A continuous-wave laser can lock to the multifrequency optical signal and produce a continuous-wave optical signal at a wavelength precisely locked to the photonic oscillator. A data encoder/decoder can modulate/demodulate a data stream onto/from the continuous-wave optical signal at a data rate of the single-frequency electrical signal. The modulated optical signal can be clocked with the leading/trailing edges of the single-frequency electrical signal.

Abstract: A system and method for distributing a quantum key from a first party to a second party. A first node is connected to a public channel, wherein the first node includes a pulse position modulation encoder connected to a quantum channel. A second node is connected to the public channel, wherein the second node includes a pulse position modulation decoder connected to the quantum channel. The pulse position modulation encoder encodes quantum states |0> and |1>, and transmits the encoded quantum states from the first node to the second node via the quantum channel. Quantum state |1> is encoded as |1>?(|t1>+|t2>)/?{square root over (2)}.

Abstract: Communication apparatus and techniques, such as for optical communication, can include providing a reference frequency derived from an atomic energy level transition or a molecular energy level transition, generating at least two specified optical carrier signals at least in part using the reference frequency, coherently modulating the specified optical carrier signals using respective baseband information signals to provide respective coherently-modulated optical subcarriers. A combined optical information signal comprising the optical subcarriers can be transmitted to a receiver, such as via a fiber optic cable. In an example, a received optical information signal can be optically Fourier transformed to provide respective coherent outputs, which can be coherently downconverted.

Abstract: A system and method of synchronizing clocks within a system having a plurality of base stations, wherein each base station includes a frequency locked clock. A fast moving emitter transmits pulses that are received at each base station. A time of arrival for each pulse received by each base station is recorded and the recorded times of arrival are communicated to at least one of the other base stations. The clocks are synchronized as a function of the recorded times of arrival received from each base station.

Abstract: A system for distributing a reference oscillator signal includes a clock having a reference oscillator and a femtosecond laser stabilized by the reference oscillator. The system also includes at least one beamsplitter configured to split the femtosecond laser. The system further includes one or more remote nodes that are spaced from the clock. The remote nodes are configured to generate reference signals based on the split femtosecond laser.