Abstract: An oscillator circuit may be used with controller circuits that are designed to operate with crystals, with no modifications to the pinout or firmware of the controller circuit. In some embodiments, the oscillator circuit includes an enable input that is responsive to low-amplitude transitions, which may be coupled to and driven by the crystal output signal of the controller circuit. When transitions are present on the crystal output signal, the oscillator circuit enables its clock output signal. When the controller circuit disables its crystal output signal, the oscillator circuit no longer detects transitions on the crystal output signal coupled to the oscillator circuit enable input, and disables the clock output signal.

Abstract: An oscillator circuit may be used with controller circuits that are designed to operate with crystals, with no modifications to the pinout or firmware of the controller circuit. In some embodiments, the oscillator circuit includes an enable input that is responsive to low-amplitude transitions, which may be coupled to and driven by the crystal output signal of the controller circuit. When transitions are present on the crystal output signal, the oscillator circuit enables its clock output signal. When the controller circuit disables its crystal output signal, the oscillator circuit no longer detects transitions on the crystal output signal coupled to the oscillator circuit enable input, and disables the clock output signal.

Abstract: A Universal Serial Bus flash memory unit having an electrically conductive housing includes a spring that provides an electrically conductive, low-resistance pathway between the housing and the metal shell of the Universal Serial Bus connector so that electrostatic charge can directly discharge from the housing to the metal shell instead of discharging through electronic components within the housing.

Abstract: A Universal Serial Bus flash memory unit having an electrically conductive housing includes a spring that provides an electrically conductive, low-resistance pathway between the housing and the metal shell of the Universal Serial Bus connector so that electrostatic charge can directly discharge from the housing to the metal shell instead of discharging through electronic components within the housing.

Abstract: A Universal Serial Bus flash memory unit having an electrically conductive housing includes a spring that provides an electrically conductive, low-resistance pathway between the housing and the metal shell of the Universal Serial Bus connector so that electrostatic charge can directly discharge from the housing to the metal shell instead of discharging through electronic components within the housing.

Abstract: An embedded system comprising a CPU and non-volatile memory is adapted to extend the endurance of the non-volatile memory through the use of an encoding of information stored in the non-volatile memory. One or more data bits are encoded into a larger number of non-volatile memory bit patterns such that changes to the data bits are distributed across fewer changes per non-volatile memory bit. Non-volatile memory endurance is extended since more changes to the data values are possible than can be supported by underlying changes to individual non-volatile memory bits. Word pre-erase, if present, can be accommodated as well as memory bit failures.

Abstract: An embedded system comprising a CPU and non-volatile memory is adapted to extend the endurance of the non-volatile memory through the use of an encoding of information stored in the non-volatile memory. One or more data bits are encoded into a larger number of non-volatile memory bit patterns such that changes to the data bits are distributed across fewer changes per non-volatile memory bit. Non-volatile memory endurance is extended since more changes to the data values are possible than can be supported by underlying changes to individual non-volatile memory bits. Word pre-erase, if present, can be accommodated as well as memory bit failures.