Abstract: Materials comprising metamaterials exhibiting form-induced birefringence and anisotropic optical properties are provided. The disclosed articles comprise structures with critical dimensions which are on the order of or smaller than the wavelength for the gigahertz and terahertz spectral range. Methods of preparing same using stereolithography are disclosed. In a further aspect, the disclosed methods pertain to spectroscopic ellipsometry methods comprising a biaxial (orthorhombic) layer homogenization approach is to analyze the terahertz ellipsometric data obtained at three different sample azimuth orientations. The disclosed articles and methods demonstrate provide an avenue to fabricate metamaterials for the terahertz spectral range and allows tailoring of the polarizability and anisotropy of the host material. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention.

Abstract: A radiation shielding system for an x-ray digital detector array includes a first radiation shield having a plurality of shielding pads and a plurality of interstices between the plurality of shielding pads, the plurality of shielding pads having a greater thickness than the thickness of the plurality of interstices. The plurality of shielding pads is configured to be positioned over active components of the x-ray digital detector array and the interstices are configured to be positioned over passive components of the x-ray digital detector array.

Abstract: A measurement system includes a cable having a length, a light source, at least one detector, and at least one processor. The light source is operably coupled to the cable and is configured to transmit an optical signal to the cable. The at least one processor is operably coupled to the cable and configured to: receive a scattered signal from the cable responsive to the optical signal transmitted to the cable; map the scattered signal to the length of the cable; and de-convolve a spatial averaging effect of the scattered signal using a weighting profile corresponding to the light source and the cable to generate a distributed property profile defined along the length of the cable.

Abstract: A measurement system includes a cable having a length, a light source, at least one detector, and at least one processor. The light source is operably coupled to the cable and is configured to transmit an optical signal to the cable. The at least one processor is operably coupled to the cable and configured to: receive a scattered signal from the cable responsive to the optical signal transmitted to the cable; map the scattered signal to the length of the cable; and de-convolve a spatial averaging effect of the scattered signal using a weighting profile corresponding to the light source and the cable to generate a distributed property profile defined along the length of the cable.

Abstract: A radiation shielding system for an x-ray digital detector array includes a first radiation shield having a plurality of shielding pads and a plurality of interstices between the plurality of shielding pads, the plurality of shielding pads having a greater thickness than the thickness of the plurality of interstices. The plurality of shielding pads is configured to be positioned over active components of the x-ray digital detector array and the interstices are configured to be positioned over passive components of the x-ray digital detector array.

Abstract: A well integrity inspection system configured to inspect a well structure including multiple concentric layers. The well integrity inspection system includes an inspection probe positioned in the well structure. The inspection probe includes a plurality of excitation assemblies for transmitting a plurality of radiation emissions into the well structure. The plurality of excitation assemblies includes at least a neutron excitation assembly and an X-ray excitation assembly. The inspection probe also includes a plurality of detection assemblies configured to receive a plurality of backscatter radiation returns from the well structure. The plurality of detection assemblies includes at least a neutron detection assembly and an X-ray detection assembly. The well integrity inspection system further including a processor operatively coupled to the inspection probe.

Abstract: A mammograph is provided. The mammograph includes a source of X-rays; a detector of X-rays, the source being configured to emit at least one beam of X-rays to the detector; and an optic control device configured to control the direction of X-rays emitted by the source such that the X-rays emitted by the source are substantially parallel to one another.

Abstract: A well integrity inspection system configured to inspect a well structure including multiple concentric layers. The well integrity inspection system includes an inspection probe positioned in the well structure. The inspection probe includes a plurality of excitation assemblies for transmitting a plurality of radiation emissions into the well structure. The plurality of excitation assemblies includes at least a neutron excitation assembly and an X-ray excitation assembly. The inspection probe also includes a plurality of detection assemblies configured to receive a plurality of backscatter radiation returns from the well structure. The plurality of detection assemblies includes at least a neutron detection assembly and an X-ray detection assembly. The well integrity inspection system further including a processor operatively coupled to the inspection probe.

Abstract: Embodiments of the disclosure relate to X-ray imaging systems. In one embodiment, the X-ray imaging system features a target configured to receive a focused electron beam from an electron emitter and emit a line source X-ray beam as a result of receiving the focused electron beam; and a monochromator crystal configured to receive the line source X-ray beam from the target and diffract only a portion of the X-rays, wherein the portion of X-rays satisfies the Bragg diffraction condition for the monochromator crystal, and wherein the monochromator crystal is oriented relative to the target such that the portion of the X-rays from the target that satisfy the Bragg condition illuminate an entire length of a surface of the monochromator crystal.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an X-ray source is provided that includes one or more electron emitters configured to emit one or more electron beams and one or more source targets configured to receive the one or more electron beams emitted by the one or more electron emitters and, as a result of receiving the one or more electron beams, to emit X-rays. Each source target of the X-ray source includes a first layer having one or more first materials; and a second layer in thermal communication with the first layer and having one or more second materials. The first layer is positioned closer to the one or more emitters than the second layer, the first material has a higher overall thermal conductivity than the second layer, and the second layer produces the majority of the X-rays emitted by the source target.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an X-ray source is provided that includes one or more electron emitters configured to emit one or more electron beams and one or more source targets configured to receive the one or more electron beams emitted by the one or more electron emitters and, as a result of receiving the one or more electron beams, to emit X-rays. Each source target of the X-ray source includes a first layer having one or more first materials; and a second layer in thermal communication with the first layer and having one or more second materials. The first layer is positioned closer to the one or more emitters than the second layer, the first material has a higher overall thermal conductivity than the second layer, and the second layer produces the majority of the X-rays emitted by the source target.

Abstract: Embodiments of the disclosure relate to X-ray imaging systems. In one embodiment, the X-ray imaging system features a target configured to receive a focused electron beam from an electron emitter and emit a line source X-ray beam as a result of receiving the focused electron beam; and a monochromator crystal configured to receive the line source X-ray beam from the target and diffract only a portion of the X-rays, wherein the portion of X-rays satisfies the Bragg diffraction condition for the monochromator crystal, and wherein the monochromator crystal is oriented relative to the target such that the portion of the X-rays from the target that satisfy the Bragg condition illuminate an entire length of a surface of the monochromator crystal.

Abstract: A multilayer optic device having an input face and an output face is provided. The optic device includes a high-index material layer having a first real refractive index 1??1 and a first absorption coefficient ?1, wherein the core comprises a first surface and a second surface, a low-index material layer having a second real refractive index 1??2 and a second absorption coefficient ?2, and a grading zone disposed between the high-index material layer and low-index material layer, the grading zone comprising a grading layer having a third real refractive index 1??3 and a third absorption coefficient ?3, such that 1??11>1??3>1??2, where at least a portion of one or more of the high-index material layer, the grading zone and the low-index layer comprises one or more corrugations along a first direction.

Abstract: An integrated X-ray source is provided. The integrated X-ray source includes a target for emitting X-rays upon being struck by one or more excitation beams, and one or more total internal reflection multilayer optic devices in physical contact with the target to transmit at least a portion of the X rays through total internal reflection to produce X-ray beams, wherein the optic device comprises an input face for receiving the X rays and an output face through which the X-ray beams exit the integrated X-ray source.

Abstract: A craser device, imaging system utilizing a craser device, and a method of imaging. The craser device includes a gain medium with excited gain medium atoms that emit x-ray and/or gamma-ray photons, a transmission medium abutting the gain medium, and a reflecting mirror comprising one or more lower refractive index layers and abutting the transmission medium. The transmission medium has a higher refractive index than the gain medium and at least one of the materials in the reflecting mirror. The x-ray and/or gamma-ray photons are confined to the transmission medium via total internal reflection and interact multiple times with the excited gain medium atoms through evanescent waves producing amplified stimulated emission leading to formation of a high intensity incoherent or coherent x-ray and/or gamma-ray beam.

Abstract: A craser device, imaging system utilizing a craser device, and a method of imaging. The craser device includes a gain medium with excited gain medium atoms that emit x-ray and/or gamma-ray photons, a transmission medium abutting the gain medium, and a reflecting mirror comprising one or more lower refractive index layers and abutting the transmission medium. The transmission medium has a higher refractive index than the gain medium and at least one of the materials in the reflecting mirror. The x-ray and/or gamma-ray photons are confined to the transmission medium via total internal reflection and interact multiple times with the excited gain medium atoms through evanescent waves producing amplified stimulated emission leading to formation of a high intensity incoherent or coherent x-ray and/or gamma-ray beam.

Abstract: An optic device includes a multilayer zone forming a redirection section for redirecting and transmitting photons through total internal reflection, each multilayer zone including a high index material having a first real refractive index n1 and a first absorption coefficient ?1, a low index material having a second real refractive index n2 and a second absorption coefficient ?2, and a grading zone disposed between the high index material and the low index material and including a grading layer having a third real refractive index n3 and a third absorption coefficient ?3, wherein n1>n3>n2.

Abstract: A multilayer optic device having an input face and an output face is provided. The optic device includes a high-index material layer having a first real refractive index 1??1 and a first absorption coefficient ?1, wherein the core comprises a first surface and a second surface, a low-index material layer having a second real refractive index 1??2 and a second absorption coefficient ?2, and a grading zone disposed between the high-index material layer and low-index material layer, the grading zone comprising a grading layer having a third real refractive index 1??3 and a third absorption coefficient ?3, such that 1??1 1>1??3>1??2, where at least a portion of one or more of the high-index material layer, the grading zone and the low-index layer comprises one or more corrugations along a first direction.

Abstract: An X-ray imaging system that produces one or more fan-shaped beams is described. The system includes a target for emitting X rays that includes at least one target focal spot, and one or more graded multilayer optic devices in optical communication with the target. The optics transmits at least a portion of the source X rays to produce the one or more fan-shaped beams. The graded multilayer optic devices include at least a first graded multilayer section for redirecting and transmitting X rays through total internal reflection. The graded multilayer section includes a high-index layer of material having a first complex refractive index n1, a low-index layer of material having a second complex refractive index n2, and a grading zone disposed between the high-index and low-index layers of material. The grading zone includes a grading layer having a third complex refractive index n3 such that Re(n1)>Re(n2)>Re(n3).

Abstract: An integrated X-ray source is provided. The integrated X-ray source includes a target for emitting X-rays upon being struck by one or more excitation beams, and one or more total internal reflection multilayer optic devices in physical contact with the target to transmit at least a portion of the X rays through total internal reflection to produce X-ray beams, wherein the optic device comprises an input face for receiving the X rays and an output face through which the X-ray beams exit the integrated X-ray source.