Abstract: A processor-implemented battery state estimation method includes determining state information of plural batteries in each of plural switching periods and outputting state information of the batteries in a last switching period of the switching periods. The determining includes determining, for each switching period, state information of a target battery based on a battery model and sensing data of the target battery, and state information of a non-target battery based on a state variation of the non-target battery. A target battery set in a first switching period of the plural switching periods is set to be a non-target battery in a second switching period of the plural switching periods, and a non-target battery in the first switching period is set to be a target battery in the second switching period of the plural switching periods.

Abstract: A method includes estimating an average concentration of ions in electrodes of a battery and estimating a state-of-charge (SOC) of the battery by Coulomb counting, correcting the ion concentration based on a difference in predicted and measured cell voltages, and correcting the Coulomb counting SOC based on a relation between SOC estimated by Coulomb counting and the average concentration, and the difference in the predicted and measured cell voltages.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for predicting a state of charge (SoC) of a battery includes estimating an open circuit voltage of the battery based on an open current voltage model, where the open current voltage model is defined by internal parameters that are derived from a battery voltage of the battery, a load current of the battery for a load, or a first SoC of the battery, or any combination thereof; and predicting a second SoC based on the estimated open current voltage.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and apparatus for measuring a battery state. The method includes determining an operational mode of a battery; measuring a battery state of the battery using an electrochemical model in response to the battery determined to be operating in a low rate mode, and measuring the battery state using a modified electrochemical model based on a characteristic of the battery, in response to the battery determined to be operating in a high rate mode.

Abstract: A battery pack charging apparatus includes battery modules assigned to charging groups, the battery pack charging apparatus includes a charging factor setter configured to set charging factors of charging groups of the battery pack based on battery information; a sequential charger configured to sequentially charge the charging groups of the battery pack based on the charging factors of the set charging groups; and a charging controller configured to control charging of the charging groups based on either one or both of an individual group control factor and a pack control factor while the charging groups are sequentially charged.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for predicting a capacity fade rate of a battery are provided. The method includes collecting capacity degradation data of a battery based on a current and a state of charge (SOC) for a predefined number of cycles, generating a capacity fade model based on the capacity degradation data, and estimating a capacity fade rate of the battery using the capacity fade model.

Abstract: A battery management apparatus for a battery including battery units, the apparatus including a voltage sensor configured to sense a voltage of each of the battery units; a phase difference calculator configured to calculate a phase difference between the voltage of each of the battery units and a reference voltage; and a temperature controller configured to control a temperature of each of the battery units based on the calculated phase difference.

Abstract: A method for predicting life of a reconfigurable battery pack, includes receiving a usage parameter of a reconfigurable battery pack, the battery pack comprising interconnected battery cells; identifying a State of Health (SOH) of degraded battery cells and a capacity of the reconfigurable battery pack; and determine a number of fresh battery cells to replace the degraded cells for the usage parameter based on the SOH and the capacity of the reconfigurable battery pack.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling a battery, the apparatus configured to measure a current usage of a battery, generate a concentration limitation condition on a material in an active material of the battery based on a characteristic of the active battery, and control a usage of the battery based on the current usage and the concentration limitation condition.

Abstract: A battery state estimation method includes acquiring states of charge (SOCs) of cells of a battery, and determining whether the SOCs are within an SOC range defined as a range greater than a lower limit SOC and less than an upper limit SOC, and estimating a representative SOC of the battery from at least one of the SOCs.

Abstract: According to one aspect, a method to estimate a state of a battery includes receiving physical quantity information about a sensed physical quantity of a battery, obtaining estimated information of the battery from a battery model based on the received physical quantity information. The battery model includes a training model configured to determine internal battery information comprising potential information of an internal material of the battery based on the physical quantity information and a mathematical function. The method further includes calculating an ion concentration in the battery using the mathematical function based on the internal battery information to determine the estimated information of the battery.

Abstract: A method of estimating a state of a battery is disclosed. The method includes correcting electrical physical quantity information of the battery at a current time period using a correction value determined based on a voltage error of the battery from a previous time period, and determining state information of the battery based on the corrected electrical physical quantity information.

Abstract: Provided is a method and apparatus for estimating a battery state. A method of estimating a battery state that includes determining whether a previous state to a rest state of a battery is a charging state or a discharging state; selecting a current profile comprising one or both of a charging pulse and a discharging pulse based on the previous state of the battery; stabilizing an open circuit voltage (OCV) of the battery by applying the current profile to the battery; and measuring the stabilized OCV.

Abstract: A fuel cell stack includes a stack including a plurality of unit cells, which is stacked on one another in a predetermined direction, first and second end plates disposed on opposing ends of the stack, and a supply line disposed on a first surface of the first end plate to supply fuel or air to the plurality of unit cells, where an insertion hole is defined in a second surface of the first end plate to be adjacent to the supply line, and the second surface of the first end plate is substantially perpendicular to the first surface of the first end plate.

Abstract: A method and apparatus estimating a state of a battery are provided. A battery life estimation apparatus may charge a battery using a normal charge rate (C-rate) during a charging interval of a charging cycle and a low charge rate (C-rate) in a low-rate charging interval of the charging cycle, may compare a determined change in an electrical physical quantity of the battery over time to a reference curve, corresponding to a life of the battery, for an initial state of the battery, in the low-rate charging interval, and may estimate the life of the battery based on a result of the comparing.

Abstract: Disclosed is a battery state of charge (SOC) determining method and a battery managing apparatus that acquires a stochastic reduced order model (SROM) and a mean using battery conservation equations acquired based on a stochastic Pseudo 2-dimensional electrochemical thermal (P2D-ECT) model, measures state information, and assimilates the state information with the SROM and the mean to determine an accurate SOC at a relatively low calculation cost.

Abstract: A battery pack charging apparatus includes battery modules assigned to charging groups, the battery pack charging apparatus includes a charging factor setter configured to set charging factors of charging groups of the battery pack based on battery information; a sequential charger configured to sequentially charge the charging groups of the battery pack based on the charging factors of the set charging groups; and a charging controller configured to control charging of the charging groups based on either one or both of an individual group control factor and a pack control factor while the charging groups are sequentially charged.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for estimating a state of a battery is provided. According to one aspect, a battery state estimation apparatus includes a state of health (SOH) estimator configured to estimate SOH of a battery based on degradation of the battery and the data acquired from the battery, and a state of charge (SOC) estimator configured to estimate the SOC of the battery based on the SOH of the battery.

Abstract: A battery management apparatus for a battery including battery units, the apparatus including a voltage sensor configured to sense a voltage of each of the battery units; a phase difference calculator configured to calculate a phase difference between the voltage of each of the battery units and a reference voltage; and a temperature controller configured to control a temperature of each of the battery units based on the calculated phase difference.

Abstract: A battery pack includes: battery modules; a cooling pipe connected to the battery modules; and one or more cooling units connected to the cooling pipe and configured to absorb heat from cooling liquid flowing inside the cooling pipe, wherein the battery modules and the one or more cooling units are disposed to alternate with respect to each other.